Before 1920 the history of the 100 mechanics

 Before 1920 the history of the 100 mechanics of important documents can be

Wu, Peking University International Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871
summarizes the year in 1920, have a major impact on the mechanical development of the 100 articles and They come out of some of the history of the personal views of mechanics: ① social change and political democratization of the development has a significant impact mechanics; ② the development of mechanics and more clues from the beginning, the multiple parallel; ③ mechanics in the entire scientific technology development occupies an important position.
Keywords history of mechanics; important document; mechanical
CLC N09, O3 Document code E Article ID 1000-7857 (2009) 10-0019-07
One Hundred Classic Works in the Development of Mechanics Before 1920
Abstract 100 classic works on mechanics before 1920 with significant influnces on the development of mechanics are enumerated. Some related viewpoints about the history of mechanics are expressed. It is shown that social reform and political drive on democracy have an important influence on the development of mechanics; mechanics has been developed in multiple treads since its early stage; and the development of mechanics has important impacts on the development of science and technology in general.
Keywords history of mechanics; classic works; mechanics
0 Introduction
historian Ray Huang said: out of all people grope action. to study the history of its development, not only for teaching and research mechanics of great significance, but also for understanding the history of the development of science and technology is also very important.
research history of mechanics, not on the history of literature, regardless of the mechanical severity to have to navigate. Then, select one of the most important mechanical literature, especially peer technology introduced to force academic colleagues, presumably not a useless job. This selection out of the development before 1920 have a major impact on the mechanics of the 100 literature, and thus come out of a number of personal views of the history of mechanics.
1 100 篇 important mechanical principle of selecting literature
1) the time limited to literature published before 1920. This aspect is taken into account Since the First World War since the end of a long enough period of time to study the historical importance of the results remains to be further tested; the other hand, since the First World War, the rapid development of science and technology, governments actively involved in science , access to information, communication and storage of increasingly diversified, a large number of scientific results is difficult to express just documents and books.
2) selection of the literature must be original, based on research results and impact of long-lasting, or affect long materials; the same researchers selected the most representative of the mechanics of its literature.
selected 100 kinds of literature published largely by literature listed in chronological order, including document authors, document title, Posted languages and published in journals, research results and impact of the main brief. because there are a number of important research results can not find the original documents, such as the wind tunnel's construction, materials testing machines and other inventions, so that the selected article 100 literature is a reflection of the development path of the mechanical discipline.
2 100 篇 important mechanical literature
2.1 16 centuries ago, the important mechanical literature (9)
1) Aristotle (Aristotle, 384BC-322BC), Archimedes, 287BC-212BC), found the original Greek on parchment, but not completely; now passed the book is compiled for reference in both languages. the first systematic discussion of the balance of fluid in the body, gives the objects suffered in the liquid buoyancy. < br> 3) Archimedes (Archimedes, 287BC-212BC), 16th century a Latin text, English translation published in 1897. to discuss the focus of leverage and graphics, laid parallel to the force balance and the effectiveness of such basis, and given the focus of a number of geometric shapes.
4) Greece Luo (Hero of Alexandria, about AD 62, before and after), > 5) Hero (Hero of Alexandria, about AD 62, before and after), Claudius Ptolemy, about 100-170), system.
7) Paps (Pappus Alexandrinus, about 300-350), mechanics study of ancient Greece many of the results.
8) Jordan's efforts (Jordanus de Nemore, after about 1220 years ago), problem, contains the seeds of the principle of virtual work.
9) Nicholas. Copernicus (Nicholas Copernicus ,1473-1543), Copernican heliocentric solar system system, and strictly from the geometry argument.
2.2 16 important mechanical century literature (3)
1) Steven (Semon Stevin ,1548-1620), mechanics , 1619, published in the Latin text. summed up the three laws of planetary motion.
3) Marin. Mason (Marin Mersenne ,1588-1648), published in French. The earliest of sound, music and musical instruments work, Mason was called after the father of acoustics.
2.3 17 century, important mechanical literature (13)
1) Tang Yu Han (Joannes Terrenz, 1576 -1630), Wang Zheng (1571-1644), -1642), . Copernican heliocentric system, the system demonstrated the reasonableness of the proposed concept of inertial movement.
3) Galileo (Galileo Galilei ,1564-1642), two new sciences), 1638, published in Italian, in 1665 published the first English translation. summed up the strength of the material, free fall and projectile motion law, as later developed mechanical dynamics and the mountains two disciplines s for.
4) Torricelli (Evangelista Torricelli ,1608-1647), liquid is proportional to the square root of the high, later known as the Torricelli theorem; also described in the lowest position, balance well, which is the earliest reference to the equilibrium stability.
5) Boyle (Robert Boyle ,1627-1691), The experiment demonstrates the flexibility and vacuum gas there.
6) Pascal (Blaise Pascal ,1623-1662), masse de l'air), 1663, was published in French. summarize and make Pascal principle, and concluded a series of experiments on the pressure.
7) MA Elliott (Edme Mariotte ,1620-1684), Impact and Collision ) Ma Eliot (Edme Mariotte ,1620-1684), The first research scholar fluid resistance, fluid resistance and the book has been proportional to the square of the speed of the conclusions.
9) Huygens (Christiaan Huygens ,1629-1695), In 1673, Latin. The earliest discussion of constrained motion of the literature, discussed the constraints in the movement of particles on the circle, and demonstrates the isochronous pendulum, we present the concept of isochronous pendulum. According to the established theory of the invention isochronous pendulum based on the pendulum clock.
10) Robert. Hooker (Robert Hooke ,1635-1703), the flexibility of a solid object, be proportional to the deformation and external forces, later known as Hooke's law.
11) Leibniz (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ,1646-1716), famous short proof of the error (Isaac Newton ,1642-1727), proved under gravity obey Kepler's three laws of planetary motion.
13) Yake Bu. Bernoulli (Jacob Bernoulli ,1654-1705), Problema novum, ad cujus solutionem mathematici invitantur), 1696, published in Acta Eruditorum, and Latin. the first established method for solving variational problems.
2.4 18 century, important mechanical literature (10)
1) Ya Cobb. Bernoulli (Jacob Bernoulli ,1654-1705), Paris Academy of Sciences theory, and future generations to the plane section assumption based on the theory called the Bernoulli beam beam.
2) Daniel. Bernoulli (Daniel Bernaulli ,1700-1782), ), finalized in 1734, published in 1738. summarized the fluid pressure in the pipeline and speed the flow of the relationship. later known as Bernoulli's law.
3) Euler (Leonard Euler ,1707-1783), (Theoria motus corporum solidorum), 1765 年 published in Latin. proposed a general equation of rigid body motion and solve an integrable case.
5) d'Alembert (Jean le Rond d'Alembert ,1717-1783), 1759), The first general statement of principle amount; the general mechanical problems linked with the variational method, for the later development of analytical mechanics laid the foundation.
7) d'Alembert (Jean le Rond d'Alembert ,1717-1783) , > 8) glass elements (Charles Bossut ,1730-1814), new areas of shipbuilding projects for the subsequent use of the ship tank test method opens the way.
9) Coulomb (Charles Augustin Coulomb ,1736-1806), . the first is given to comply with the laws of friction that, later known as the Coulomb friction law.
10) Lagrange (JL Lagrange ,1736-1813), published in Paris, French. laid the foundation of analytical mechanics literature; the introduction of the generalized displacements, constrained by the general movement of the general equation of the system, also known as Lagrange equation descendants mm; the first to introduce the concept of high-dimensional space for the later development of Riemannian geometry paved the way.
2.5 19-century literature major mechanical (47)
1) Pansuo (Louis Poinsot ,1777-1859), de statique), 1803 年 published in French. introduced a couple of concepts, the system discussed in the simplified system of forces, equilibrium of rigid body and, ultimately, the conditions proposed by the main force vector and principal moment of zero. statics important document for the final systematic .
2) Thomas. Yang (Thomas Young ,1773-1829), deformation of the experimental results presented later known as the modulus of elasticity modulus mm. the first to propose the concept of energy.
3) Laplace (Pierre Simmon Laplace ,1749-1827), (Mecanique celeste), a total of 5 volumes 16, to be completed in 1798-1825 years, first published in French. The system developed around a set of mathematical methods of celestial mechanics, such as potential theory, perturbation method and so on.
4 ) Gloria (George Cayley ,1773-1858), on the demonstration of human flight is possible.
5) Poisson (Simeon-Denis Poisson ,1781-1840), French. a set of far-reaching theoretical mechanics textbooks, general theory of mechanics was laid a teaching system.
6) Navier (Cloude-Louis-Marie-Henri Navier ,1785-1836), Movement Louis-Marie-Henri Navier ,1785-1836), l'Institut de France on the published, in French. the first to propose a viscous fluid equations of motion, the latter controlled by Stokes to become the field of viscous fluid Navier - Stokes equations.
8) fourier leaves (Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier ,1768-1830), 9) Carnot (Sadi Carnot ,1796-1832), (Augustin Louis Cauchy ,1789-1857), in Ex. de Math. on the French publication. since 1822 has been summarized on the elasticity of the results of several papers; starting with the Navier different from the microscopic, macroscopic Cauchy discussed in terms from the elastic stress and strain and the establishment of balance and elasticity of the general equation of motion; laid the basic theory of linear elasticity system.
11) Poisson (Simeon-Denis Poisson ,1781-1840), (Memorire sur l'equilibre et le mouvment des corps elastiques), 1829 published, in French. the first to propose elastic deformation coefficient of lateral deformation, later known as the Poisson's ratio.
12) Coriolis (Gustave Gaspard Coriolis ,1792-1843), relative velocity induced by the acceleration, later known as the Coriolis acceleration, and the resulting Coriolis force; as explained later, the direction of Earth's rotation stroke provides a theoretical basis.
13) Hamilton (William Rowan Hamilton, 1805 -1865), . on the English. two mechanics will analyze the development of literature to a new stage. Hamilton is the use of light moving at the shortest possible time, the idea of the action from the introduction of the smallest in the real sport, get a set of symmetric first order equation. the introduction of descendants called Hamiltonian and Hamilton equations. for later mathematical provides an important example of symplectic geometry.
14) Green (George Green ,1793-1841), (On the propagation of light in crystallized media), 1839 published. demonstrated that the elastic constants of anisotropic elastic media up to 21.
15) Poiseuille (Jean Leonard Marie Poiseuille ,1797-1869), fluid movement through the thin tube experimental study From 1838 to begin pipe flow experiments, mainly for the flow of blood in the blood vessels to carry out research, summarized in 1840 in the flow law of pipe flow, later known as the Hagen - Poiseuille (Hagen-Poiseulle) flow .
16) J (James Prescott Joule ,1818-1889), an association in the United Kingdom read out. the first equivalent of heat is given.
17) Jacobi (Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi ,1804-1851), lectures in Koenigsberg 1843 draft, including his 1837 Hamilton equations on the first-order partial differential equations transform to transform mm later known as the Hamilton-Jacobi equations .1866 published by Clebsch.
18) Russell, (John Scott Russell ,1808-1882), shallow water can not spread very far deformation phenomena, the paper uses the term .20 solitary wave 50 years after the century, in the areas of different physical phenomena are found to have solitary wave, solitary wave which attracted wide interest of scientists.
19), Stokes (George Gabriel Stokes ,1819-1903), of elastic solids), 18 ...