Jin Xuanzong , the select Lee also put all of the Goyang public Zhang Fu, Yi River Public Jing'an people, Jinyang public Guowen Zhen, Binh Duong so days for the public, public open Shangdang, Dongying public Yanning. In fact, this packet Feudalism . Later, the Yong Jin Xuanzong
The technique succeeded to the throne tiger Gao Qi Quan Chen, Jixianduneng, abuse of power seek private gain, disrupt discipline and injure loyal, but has been dominated phase. until Hing set three years, Jin Xuanzong more than two years before his death, only because Heaven's his thing. But the political situation in Golden State, has been in decline, no longer to restore.
Jin Liu Qi Han scribes south of Jin Xuanzong had the political situation after the full detailed description and analysis. gold) Xuanzong Xi criminal law, government is still awesome, it crossed the incumbent, and more harsh (good to kill). Lahey Yen once in Caizhou Tyrant kill five hundred local people, child history, liquor Pang, often did not recover the plan, up and down with the wind, only to seek security for the music now, where was made when the reform, places to cause trouble (the name) inhibit it. every Northern soldier (Mongolian soldiers) arrives, the monarch is relatively Qixia, or Calls made Dianshang sigh. Yi Er enemy retreats, martial law, then they will drink Zhang Huangge in a carry on. each phase and recommendations on current affairs, to its critical place, rolling strike said bulk: l have been undone once again proposed r. However, traditional harsh and , tis perished. language, mutual Declining, No. l relative to body care r Jurchen barbarians! The eunuch Jin Xuanzong side valet, is comfort, frost period. Xiachong Zong died, his son Rensiao ascended the throne, is to Xia Renzong, fifty-five years in office, is the Western Xia historically when the take persons, respect for Confucianism Confucian reform, music, sound Bureaucracy, and Xia Renzong himself is a thrifty wise monarch. During his reign, the Queen's father, his father Xia Chongzong get any respect (also Xia Renzong ethical ;) in a very long time got the upper hand, almost to the summer country into two, the last in the Western Xia ;. Xiaren Zong died in 1193, his son succeeded to the throne of pure Yu, Huan cases for the summer, who follow his father the old regime, with gold and Song, is a relatively good can be said that the Conservative Lord. Unfortunately, a dozen years later, the mother of the summer were Huan Luo and Xia Huan for the Queen Mother's cousin safety adultery cases, even destroy his own son, set security for the Emperor, were soon in summer Huan killed. The security of the throne, is summer-hsiang cases. Xia Xiang were age, Mongolia has a large Sheng, repeatedly invaded the Western Xia, elite troops to kill tens of thousands of the country in summer, and in 1209 was surrounded by the Western Xia ZTE House. so he, Jin Xia Xiang were to help, the ruling Jin Wei Shaowang Yong Ji has refused to help. Thanks Mongolia withdrawal due to climate reasons, Meng Xia reached Chengxiazhimeng. At this point, Kim Ha-up to eighty years between the Mongolian soldiers left, the angry-hsiang were immediately sent his army in summer, Golden State offensive Jia state (now Shaanxi JIAXIAN). turn, the Western Xia Xu Clan coup compliance, waste to kill security, self-reliance mainly for summer Shenzong. Although Jin canonized immediately after hearing the news of summer Shenzong as combined with the Mongols, the Tongguan .1217 Jin was overcome, the summer Shenzong with Mongolia and the thirty thousand elite troops stormed the Golden State Pingyang House (now the Linfen, Shanxi Province), but was Golden Army defeat. soon, because Genghis Khan invasion of Central Asia to the West Hualazimo, money and assist in the work he sent troops to the Western Xia Dahir. summer fishing Shenzong can see nothing cheap, refused Mongolia ZTE sent troops into the Circuit House, the summer Shenzong alarmed, he left Prince Edward German defenders office, his soldiers fled to Mongolia, Feng Xiliang to hide. Seeing and Mongolia have become hostile, summer Shenzong to write a personal letter with the Golden State Recovery relationship, seeking the far-Yong Jin Xuanzong know even Jin Xuanzong alarmed, immediately grant proposal with the Western Xia Dynasty in Shaanxi province, Jin Jun lucky to hit coalition forces defeated the Song of Summer, summer Shenzong had to withdraw its troops. Next year, Mongolia and west Xia Zhengbing attack gold, summer Shenzong have sent troops to help. In Jia states, niche Valley soft, Product Ishikawa and other places, Chamon killing coalition forces defeated the Golden Army. AD 1223, hundreds of thousands of summer with the Mongol army besieged the Jin general Muhua Li Fengxiang House. Soon, see MENG Jun defeat, even ordered the Xia Xia Shenzong Occupation in Inner Mongolia in the case did not inform the first drawdown. Summer Shenzong any plain speaking German Prince, hoping to make peace with the Jin Fu Huang. summer Shenzong do not listen to his son imprisoned after another attack on Jin. Genghis Khan, too, hate Summer Shenzong unauthorized withdrawal, sent his army and besieged the plot Ishikawa, due to withdrawal of gold around before approaching army. So, northwest area, party items, Jurchen, Mongolian barbarians have no moral of these three terms, stop killing each other. And the country for the summer years of war, national power consumption of large, national treasury, and people barely surviving. DPRK under the pressure of the ministers, Song Shenzong had abdicated in 1223, followed by sub-Devant to the throne, is to Xia Xianzong. This year, Jin Xuanzong also died Bianjing . Western Xia and Jin both the former
Golden Isles of cases in which the subjugation of a After the king into the seal then. Originally, Jin Xuanzong the eldest son as crown prince finished Yanshou Zhong Li, who have fled from God Bianjing, the result of shock transition and travel fatigue, disease and died soon after. Jinxuan Zong will stand Shouzhong Keng is the son of Wan Yan Huang Taisun, child life soft, long before the fever. At this point, there were a brother Jin Ai Wan Yan Shou Jing Wang pure, but the Golden Isles of cases in which the mother and aunt are all Jin Xuanzong favorite Queen and she enjoyed, to the mother of your child, Golden Isles will be the setting of cases for the Crown Prince. Jingwang Another reason not established, but because he often drinking villain.
Yuan Xing end of two years, Jin Xuanzong Lay Dying , Jing Wang Wan Yan Shou pure first heard the news, the first palace Prince of things stand, immediately sent the Orient House Samurai Three thousand people surrounded the palace, and then knock on the door into the see. gatekeepers consort Commandery come only see a single shared the Crown Prince, not neglect, and hastened to open the door. palace, the complete Yanshou Xu sent a few soldiers will immediately arrested the brother under house arrest in the small room next to. That night, Jin Xuanzong collapse, complete Yanshou Xu came to the throne, is a sad case for the gold. Golden Isles were to the throne after killing the brother did not keep the pure, Ying Wang Jin He also called life. However, the Jing Wang has been in house arrest until after Mongolia's break Bianjing killed by the Mongols in Hohhot.
Golden Isles were to the throne after the reign title Zhengda. He towards a first day, in Lund throne of the house just sit tight, windy day outside, suddenly, the side doors are blown off the tower of the huge number of tile pieces. Manchao civil and military minds of doubts and fears, all that is ominous. did not say a few words, someone into the report, that there is a man Pimadaixiao extrauterine, Edward looked at the door laughing and crying, a loud voice yell: should not be aggravating. Golden State's Law Department to see the emperor said, is not good for the man at the heavy penalties, only to > Golden Isles were to the throne after the first the one hand, and Jin conferences and sent envoys. Golden Isles were once promised, and then not to number. At this point, Kim Ha-has formed an alliance. Unfortunately, this Ningzong Huang Di also died. Since the Han Tuozhou death, toward the big traitor Shimi Yuan has been dominated by the right. took part in the exercise to get rid of Hantuo Zhou Zhao after the prince established as a crown prince, but the Jiading died thirteen years (AD 1220). when , as Song Ningzong not give birth to sons, and from the royal clan descendants only two people selected the palace, one is Zhaogui and one is Zhao and Ju. Ningzong Huang Di like Zhaogui and will be renamed for Zhao MATRIX, established as Prince, into the closure of Public Economy. Shimi Yuan recommended renamed Zhaogui Cheng Zhao and Ju, also received support within the palace. In order to double insurance, Yang Zhao MATRIX married to the Queen and Empress Dowager Wu's grandniece too wife. I do not know Zhao MATRIX Tao Yang measure, he not only ignored the Queen for their married Yang Wu, a special hate Shimi Yuan, often playing on the beauty of a cursed for their own old history, claimed the throne after the emperor himself, the first thing Shimi Yuan exile to take place in the wild. walls without ears, but why are the good old beauty Fuqin Zhao MATRIX side sent out the history of Fire Attack emergency heart more than the history of stepping up covert operations in preparation for pushing Ningzong Huang Yong Zhao Guicheng in succession after the death of God. Ningzong Huang Dibeng night before, Shimi Yuan Secretary-called trusted palace, Jiaozhao number Road, Li Zhao Guicheng for the prince, thanks to persuaded reluctantly agreed. In fact, these records are that the Queen has been working with Shimi Yuan Yang conspirators are rape, two in the opening between the Heaven's Jubilee, after Han Tuozhou has become a close ally of the bed and the bed, otherwise she could not in such a significant, involving the issue of genocide and Shimi Yuan stirred together.
Therefore, Zaozhao announced Ningzong Huang and Zhao Yun came to the throne Dibeng hearing the read the wrong name, and even bow down to the new emperor's ceremonial forget. Shimi Yuan Xia Zhen-old accomplice was big Guards chief, according to Zhao Ming and he just let his head bowed to the new monarch. As a result, Zhao MATRIX is the Song Methodism. he succeeded to the throne as emperor, attributed Shimi Yuan, Yang gave the Queen's palace coup. Soon, waste arrested in Huzhou and son are all Shimi Yuan Zhao MATRIX sent minions to kill the old history of the black hand of cruel, extermination.
Song Li Zong emperor when he was already twenty, still not obvious, obediently Shimi Yuan and Yang in the shadow carefully Queen He dared to intervene in the political affairs of their own decisions. Alas, Shimi Yuan so bad, after death, was made a king and he gave posthumous traitor Biography thing. insurance drug cunning Queen live, Yang is also good, Baoqing five years to die, when he was Seventy-one longevity glory, On intrauterine death, posthumous name is is the inertia forward dragged up a great deal. good thing no further, this time not better than, the first Mongolian to eliminate the is East-West economic and cultural gathering place and the transit center. As the Western Xia Jin east, north of Mongolia, therefore, Mongol King, the best way we should first address the Western Xia of the gold country's So, you can completely eliminate the worries of Mongolia, but also to prevent gold in Mongolia, the critical moment of attack was the summer country attack its own lair. In addition, the country is Mobei summer traffic to enter the Central Plains, the Dragon to Juyan, Northern Barbarian Invasion generally must pass through the Central Plains Juyan, and here is precisely the construction of the country by the summer of huge military fortress black city, the northern summer and see this as a key to the door, the perennial heavy military guard. AD 1209, Blackwater has successfully captured the city of Genghis Khan, complete control over the Central Plains Mobei access to the hub. Moreover, the Mongolian army also opened up the eastern border of Western Xia, a channel, since the transition Yin Wong, the Ordos grasslands and led his army south to Xiazhou after West, over the Yellow River into the Corridor. So, two army together and, another Genghis Khan foreign crusades, no death is hard Tangut.
Mongolia coveted Western Xia Another reason lies in the Loop area and the Hexi Corridor of material wealth. If the demise of the Western Xia Dynasty, Mongolia can get more soldiers and horses, feed, supplies to the war by war. More importantly, although the Mongols achieved a major victory in the expedition, and other world-class Gongmie Hualazaimo The br> AD 1125, Genghis Khan sent to Xia Xianzong proton as an excuse to refuse to announce the summer cutting. all the way above the city of Mongolia wins in the military settlement, and even the assassination of the city grams Wu, sand state, silver state, Tu Suzhou (now Gansu sprinkle spring), and depression Xiliang, River Luo and other places. As concerns worry palpitate, Xia Xianzong alive even scared (his father, br> Xia Chen Yong Li Xian Xia Xianzong the nephew of Emperor, Emperor for the late summer. Genghis Khan from Xiliang (now Wuwei) all the way straight, should be broken, the Xia Zhou, Jin Wai Ling Zhou (now Ningxia). Last summer the country sent hundreds of thousands of crack troops engaged the end bitterly why he did not, smitten by the Mongols. Genghis Khan's forces attacked from the north of Salt River State, the capital of the Western Xia surrounded .1227 Restoration House in the spring, Genghis Khan continues to remain part of the MENG Jun siege, he led his army to cross the river, the fall of the stone army, into the gold country, and broken Lintao, Tao state (now Gansu Lintan), River State (now Linxia), Xining and other places, one place per gram were wantonly killing one Fan. In the end, to that summer came, the Western Xia outside the government except all the occupied capital of ZTE. rain leaking bad enough, exhaustion, heavy casualties while they occurred more than six earthquake series. late summer feel God Summer to die is the day to be out of town Qijiang emissary. At the time, Genghis Khan in the water (now Gansu water) are seriously ill, dying, ordered the brutal Great Satan Li Xian if the drop can pretend to accept, scored immediately after the gates opened, all within the government over the military and civilian Tu Zhongxing.
Sure enough, after the surrender of the summer country, a Bay and into the Mongolian army, after the massacre, escorted back to the line of Li Xian division. to Dasalichuan, the noted the death of Genghis Khan, Mongol emperor Zhu Jiang immediately and all Serbs in late summer all the carnage.
this point, the Western Xia perish. If from the Yuan Hao date, a total of 10 Western Xia Dynasty, 196 years.
lay dying, his foresight Great Satan had set the political testament: Song Jinshi hatred, will be able to do this. then the next Bing Deng (state), Tang (state), drive straight beam (Bianjing). Kim acute recruitment will Tongguan, then to tens of thousands of the public, thousands of miles Fuyuan, men Pibi , although to Funeng war, breaking the will carry on! no longer cutting the South, ; uncle, ten years (AD 1220), Song Dynasty had sent Marshal Muhua Li and Mongolia have been in contact; Jiading fourteen years, the official sent envoys arrived at the Song of the Western Tiemenguan and received by Genghis Khan. Since then, frequent bilateral exchanges at Meng Song. Even so, there is no joint between the two countries was kept off Golden Song official of Alliance. Mongolia attack Jinguo Feng Xiang Jiading fifteen years when he sent an army across the cattle to enter the Song Ling Guan Sichuan swept through the territory of copy. Then, in 1227, MENG Jun Song capture the order of another state of a (now Wudu), into the state (now Gansu into the County), Phoenix State (now of hazard) and other places. Soon coincides with Genghis Khan died, the Mongolian army was to withdraw from these areas. So, for the Mongols, the Song did not dare to take it lightly.
Wokuo Tai Khan-bit successor, the strict implementation of Genghis Khan will, not to soft to hard, and later forced and in 1231 (Shao set four years) through the Han River, Golden State scored the Dengzhou (today Tang County) area, in Jun state (Yu County, Henan Province today) three main san Jin defeated.
Shao be four years (seven years Jinzhengda'Controlled AD 1231), is the key to Mongolia's decision to eliminate golden year. Wokuo Tai troops in three columns, You Lujun the Tuolei from Baoji south, via the Song territory, the same transfer of spring rendezvous beam; Left Column command from the WO Chen Noyan, destroy, Jinan; in the Army from the Wo Kuotai palm I systems, direct killing by the river in Luoyang. revisit the details below.
gold subjugation song Mongolia uncle presented Zhoumei the face. Ironically, always Kill blackmail currency Song Jin-year-old grandson just installed is not enough, now sent envoys to the Mongol Golden State uncle , west of years. So sad cases of gold after riding Jin Long Block, to what two thousand years Pizhou within the four provinces to establish, adjust million Jingwei to defend Mongolia.
after the death of Genghis Khan, Mongolia, the first military offensive in the spring of 1228 a large Changwon, Jin Zhaoping chapter affairs of the United Wanyan monk Wan Yan Chen (Wan Yan Yi, nicknamed Chan monks, word Liangzuo) rate of Mongolia, the difficulty of its own, two years before they have the Jie, Zougong First, the famous town in the country, ; one of the Hengshan public Hercules drop Mongolia for re rebellion, killing the Mongolian general history of days of Ni, and History Tianni brother Shi Tianze in the Bay State battle, Wan Yan Heda rate Kinbyo to aid, but also beat the MENG Jun. but a good start on the Gold Country concerned, not half the battle. This end of the year, the rate of force into the Mongol Great Khan Wokuo Tai Shan. In fact, originally of Mongolia has sent envoys to the talks and the proposed gold camp, gold will move the assassination of Mongolia to Po A first placed under house arrest. Qingyang victory, the shift over the assassination of Italian Po Azhi arrogance, the Mongolian envoy said: Wokuo Tai Khan, he immediately points soldier, with his brother Tuolei mobilize people into Shaanxi, in the Jingzhao, with the state, Fu swing states to go along to kill, destruction of the Jin Shi Yuzuo six military fort, headed towards the phoenix. End Yan together with the shift of the assassination of the province to move quickly Po A 阌 Township to prepare Tongguan.
1231 in the summer, when the violent siege of the Mongolian soldiers Fengxiang, the previous shift Niubi Hong Hong's assassination Po and Wan Yan A Heart Qieyi Heda , stay forward, memorial, said: Occupation in Inner Mongolia is powerful, not into the light.
Golden Isles were anxious, but also sent envoys spoke: MENG Jun grips a little something to mitigate the pressure phoenix area defenders to contain about Occupation in Inner Mongolia. entry, do not Gufeng Xiang Golden Army life and death. soon to be MENG Jun Fengxiang fall. It is worth mentioning that there are small victories Golden Army, Wan Yan Chen famous monk in the valley back down to win with fewer, even beat Mongolia general Subutai.
stalemate between the Golden State to Tuolei ideas down to Lichang Guo: Yellow natural barrier, if the income of Baoji Hanzhong, less than a month to state and Dengzhou Tang arrived, so, the Golden State may destroy. people hit it off, made a decision to grant three-way attack.
1130 by the end of Mongolia drag Lei Yijun Feng Rao has scored off, the east by the Golden State, ready to kill the Bianjing. Zaizhi minister heard the news to Jin Jin grief were suggested: ), Chang (state), Wu states, Duguid and Gyeonggi Morogata to keep general Luoyang, Tongguan, pregnant (state), Bangladesh (state), etc., Yan Bingbei of, the capital of millions of Gok grain, making Henan gun invading. He (Mongolia) Yugong not, Yufa not, the old divisions do eat, do not hit self to come back. ; countries crossed two decades, where the people break the Real Estate, vend his wife to keep Sgt. this is not against the enemy to, only to protect themselves. the capital, although survival, how for the country! the world why I and others of their so-called! I think of them again and again, the survival of its own destiny, and only live like people! ;, although high, after all, can not save the country.
Golden Isles of cases according to edict, early in 1132, Wan Yan Heda, Po A rate armies moved into the assassination of Dengzhou, Wan Yan Chen monks, Hercules, who led his army will be the, the Tuen Shun Yang. heard of Mongolia Tuolei rate of force Hanjiang River, Jin Zhu Jiang discuss countermeasures, some crossing the strike of about half, and some say wait until after crossing the river to play, talk yet, Mongol armies had crossed the river safely. At this point , Wan Yan, and moved up to the assassination of United Arab Po only alarmed, rushed busy Yu Shan, not stepped forward against, but leisurely around the foot of the Golden State after the cavalry, divided into three teams to kill. The two sides of engagement, much to the Mongolian soldiers acute fatigue, back soon. Seeing this, Wan Yan Heda said: ; Mongol known as thirty thousand, transport baggage care accounted for one third of the people. this stalemate two or three days, so that it shall not eat, if you take it to retreat and advance on, definitely win. br> switch to big early suddenly found a Mongolian gold Army soldiers can not find, after a cavalry reconnaissance, I discovered that the Mongolian military has hidden the other side into the photochemical among jujube. they are sneaky, cooking food during the day, at night dismount, has been in there for four days. Mongols in the woods inside the rest, but has never Kinbyo food, so after discussions to prepare his troops into the Zhujiang Dengzhou to eat. line to the forest after the open field, has three square meals a momentum of Mongolian soldiers suddenly attack, Kinbyo hurriedly against. flame among the hundreds of prominent Mongolian Jingji, Yao Ji Jin army baggage delivery team, into Dengzhou City. can be angry that the combined reach and move the assassination of Wan Yan Po A hidden traces of its defeat, the table Ginting said fought a big victory, Golden State also careless villagers, swinging back to the cottage housework, Bianjing come, the ministers called Golden Isles were busy repelling the enemy discuss the matter. It was suggested to be by far the Mongolian soldiers engaged the Ben apart from fatigue, Pingzhang Wanyan white Caesar does not agree, he came up with a weird child, severance payments Ma jin shuaibing million people will be out of town, surrounded by the city since the Bianjing short embankment, and then dug the Yellow River, irrigation finalists, trying to form a circle outside Bianjing Kim also sent thirty soldiers guarding the rate of excavation in the Yellow River Dyke soldiers people. He may not think carefully, although not near the Mongolian cavalry attack moment, a long time the water will soak into the walls loose. At this time, Mongolia's nest width Khan, who sets down the shirt may recommend to the Western Xia, the self-government by the Qinghe River white wave crossed the Yellow River, and about Tuolei his troops to join forces in the city under Bianjing. Mongols suddenly appeared on the Yellow River, while Meng kill disembark landing , Ma Yu Bingmin million pounds out of me and caught off guard, were hacked to death, survived only three hundred people fled the city. At this point, Wokuo Tai Yu himself into the bar business, Zhengzhou, Jungong removal rate Subutai Bianjing.
Water resist MENG Jun fails, the military can only negotiate Bianjing Kimori gold. Ironically, the original Jin Xuanzong crossed Bianjing, the de facto ruler of the high technical Tiger Fang Qi, see the city of Nanjing eighty years, four wide and hard to defend, in turn a bad idea son of the city built in the city, truly arrived, they found just outside the city Zhong Chen a loss, the child must not keep the city, outside the city at Defense final decision. Therefore, the original construction cost of work effort Sishili solid walls Romania, a little bit of no use. Moreover, Bianjing was originally outside the city built by the Northern Song Dynasty, young people, Tuolei the Mongolian army led from a small victory after the Battle of Yu Shan, , the rate of the last remaining one hundred and fifty thousand Jin elite starting from Dengzhou, Fuyuan Bianjing. Mongols hurry, only sent three thousand horsemen followed, but it does not take the initiative.
gingerly with the good while, Wanyan Heda, who discuss: Jun state followed the River, all of a sudden without a fight. Golden Army to catch his breath, ordered the rest in the local bar under the Camp. just support a good tent breath, struck suddenly MENG Jun, Jin Jun panic, and quickly engaged the abandoned account ; (DRC army) do not rest, food and drink, and the line and fight. . was about to break camp, sent urgent Chao Bianjing side, went immediately to the two provinces Bianjing military buildup. helpless, gold only in the snow days of launching the military.
At this point, crossed the Yellow River comes from the north of the Mongolian soldiers more together more, they meet with the Tuolei Department of Occupation in Inner Mongolia, before and after the cut trees all over the Serbian forces blocked access of gold, surrounded by golden army ready to swallow. Thanks to Kim Wo Xing Yang, those firms will blaze a trail, but also to the Golden Army long way out before. to a three-san, the golden army camp dare to take a break, million Mission Golden Army surrounded, in their turn attack. half of the MENG Jun rush ahead, the other half of the wood burning barbecue MENG Jun eat and drink. Then, come back to eat meat killed tired MENG Jun drinking, physical warm belly full of the Occupation in Inner Mongolia and rushed to killing the enemy, reluctantly support. Jinbing seeing tens of thousands have been killed, MENG Jun Jun deliberately opened to the state road. longitudinal Kim defeated army fled at the same time, Occupation in Inner Mongolia has a lot of force in an ambush along the road, while the remainder defeated Jinbing prominent stabbed, Wo Xing and other beings were killed in the melee. Wanyan together and move up to the assassination of lost contact with Ah Po, only protected by the rate of Wan Yan Chen monk fled into the hundreds of desperate riding Jun state. At this point, Jin Jun a million people are basically a military sword of the spirit of Mongolia, the elite lost.
heard Tuolei in Zhengzhou Wokuo Tai Army at war and gold, but also sent a number of future aid, so the combined armies attack Jun state. Jun chow broke, Wanyan Heda fled to Kushi, the seizure of the Mongolian soldiers cut off his head immediately. So, Mongolian soldiers sent over the head held around the United Wanyan Bianjing Sherwin: for us to occupy, Wan Yan Heda is we kill, do not drop any question!
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Everest summit today congratulated the large Liu
Photo: Sohu Everest climbers in 2003 members (from right: large Liu (Fu Yong) Shiyi Lang Chen Jun Pool)
11 pm last night, holy mountain, Mount Everest climbers A group of amateur camp surprise after another starting from the top attack . At 6:45, Liu Fuyong (large Liu), Xiangping (Shenzhen), Fan Wenjun, Anan four, all reach the top. Congratulations!
I met with large Liu, climb Mount Everest in 2003 Before, it was an article I read, Do you want to understand China's situation of amateur climbers, this article can serve as a very good history of literature to read.
crying Mountain Ock Ock mm2000 hard on search and rescue Qinli Ji
And it is these painful experiences to form a valuable experience. When we had the mountain around, we can make better choices. cherish the lives of others, and more value his own life. We will organize the past into a set of mountain one by one, so that everyone from the tragic history, reflection, and discover something different. Let the climbers were able to maximize the greatest possible away from danger and death.
Crying Mountain Ock Ock
mm2000 hard on search and rescue Qinli Ji
cited: large Liu, full name Liufu Yong, Dalian year 1999 in May as a wild outdoor club members participated in the outdoor club and country by the mountain climbers jointly organized the climbers, the summit a success. In the event of mountain Ock, large Liu Ganggang down from the chapter sub-peak, Mount Everest has resolutely embarked on a jade relief road, mountain rescue experience the Ock and the bitter grief to his tremendous impact completely overshadowed the summit 7500 m above the first joy of snow-capped mountains. He therefore wrote this, participate in the volunteer mountain rescue teams and rescue all the members of the search to express my sincere thanks and most sincere respect.
Tang Shan Tao puzzle in the tomb of C1 for the Tao brothers
us go back!
climbing activities in 2000 was unforgettable for me within one month from the Himalayas to the Kunlun mountain range thousands of kilometers of hard twists and turns, so I completed the climb two peaks, especially in the Kunlun Mountains Yuzhu personal experience, completely buried me as an amateur climbers in the Himalayas successful ascent of 7543 meters above sea level chapter sub-peak impulse and joy. Jade is no stranger to Mount Everest for me, but I absolutely did not expect to the identity of a search and rescue team to Yuzhu hh5 third 3 February I successfully caught up with the Everest North Peak, elevation 7,543 m peak of the chapter sub-11 .5 I peak at 6,000 meters from the camp to return the advance base camp in preparation for May 13 leave home base. Shenkan all together after dinner encounter with the mountain anecdotes, is using maritime satellite telephone contact with the company on-line chairman of Shenzhen Vanke Co., Ltd., Wang suddenly called my teammates To: Everest 6178 m jade wearing white hair like a gentle and kind old man, and she turned me on to the mountain, has brought me endless joy and feelings of the mountain can also be trouble? Akiko peak climbers captain the state mountaineers Wang Yongfeng Stern warned the captain in the side of me: information from the Internet of the few reasons for the difficulty of the mountain.
5 月 14 evening, we returned to Lhasa from the Everest base camp. dinner, the captain Wang Yongfeng said to me: state, maybe we're going to Everest to rescue Jade. back to Dalian flights, climbing more than a month to make my heart full of desire to go home. climbers after lunch and the state of Ma Xinxiang my coach was about to rest, Captain Wang Yongfeng Ma Xinxiang coaches received a phone: Jade brings the total number of missing Everest 5, May 13 areas in Qinghai organized public security, armed police and military troops to the rescue, the climate, quality of personnel and lack of experience climbing and other reasons, rescuers were forced to evacuate on the 15th. It is currently climbing season, can not extract the mountains to teach professional assistance, the Chinese Mountaineering Association decided to peak in the chapter sub-drawn excellent climbers Everest rescue personnel search team of jade, and if there is no large Liu problem, let him do some family members work, you immediately went to Qinghai. place called the wife's phone, began also excited tone, then after listening to my wife, silent, low emotional moment before saying: In this moment I can not go. then carefully consider, I am grateful to these good friends, but my heart than anyone else to understand, is when the employer, not the reason I have anything too. dinner with his wife before I talk again, the words of his wife has been a lot of understanding and Support: Let my exhaustion, the desire to go home the spirit of complete relaxation let me down, I do not know whether it can hold up their own mountains, but did not realize the significance of jade Everest trip far beyond any previous mountaineering.
Wang that organization camp search team about the situation, immediately pledged to go with Jade Everest. taking into account his age and physical exertion of the factors, we do not agree. Wang argues: . 17 noon, three from Chengdu to Lanzhou, and then take the green car sent Hayden Society at 1 am to Da Xining, and then train to Golmud Golmud railway station at 19 noon the day before saw the Wang Yongfeng came from Lhasa captain, the open village of Tibet Mountaineering Team coach, Tibet, Ozark mountain boy Wangdui schools and our sub-peaks climbers chapter of the young men, he called the horse was introduced to Yao, it happened in Guangdong green outdoor expedition leader, Everest climb over 7 times Jade. Friends spoken of, Spring 1999, they had to go with Gordon Taibaishan, then went with Wang Hailiang climbers died in Beijing, Ma said that Yao himself, it was his first time climbing the spring of the year 1999 I did not Ock peak seen him, have not seen him fall, even if he spring, autumn jade all went to a Mount Everest is the summit of more than three times the average time to cobble together jade 7 summit Everest, I can not believe their ears.
1 pm the same day, Golmud City Committee established a working jade Everest rescue group, sports team is led by Deputy Secretary of Qinghai Province as Feng Jianping, deputy head of the vice mayor of Butte by the Golmud City Seoul, Municipal Law and the State secretary Liu Tianhai and Qinghai Wang Yongfeng captain climbers climbing as Deng Haiping, deputy director of management. rescue search site commander is Wang Yongfeng, Ma Xinxiang, deputy commander and co-Secretary-General Hayden high into the blue school. 15:30, all the rescue search team members and families of missing persons to meet, let them put their own ideas about it, the scene of families of missing persons with Wang Tao's father, uncle, Zhou Hongjun's sister and her husband, Kwong Chun Yung's brother. Wanghai Liang's family not to Golmud, Ren Yukun the family was not found. Because of the mountain has taken place for several days, the presence of missing everyone understand what it means. Wang Tao's body at an altitude of 5400 meters has been spotted, Tao's father asked his own money , the son's body back for cremation, the ashes scattered on Mount Everest favorite son. high into the study, explained patiently, Golmud no local crematorium, 230 km to go outside, and very bad roads, no more than 20 hours did not reach, according to local climate and conditions can not guarantee that the body does not change. Zhou Hongjun families to find the body and then fixed. due to physical discomfort, Kwong Chun Yong's father, noon returned to Guangzhou, and before leaving a written memory of the words The steel tablet and a white hada to Wang Yongfeng captain, asked to find her daughter's body, will these items on her grave, if not, please send two items to jade Everest peak. missing We have told the family must pay attention to safety, then a problem if they are guilty. Zhou Hongjun sister with a trembling voice, said: brother may not be dead. such a long time for mountains of missing persons, the survivors is very slim hope. With the development of mountaineering, mountain rescue system established to raise awareness of mountain rescue capabilities, has become an urgent thing.
at 9:30 on May 20, Battle mayor and shellfish on the beach to you once again stressed the need to pay attention to safety, missing persons, family members told us the premise of ensuring safety, try to bring back remains of missing persons .6 jeeps , l vehicles, trucks full of supplies the armed forces to 180 kilometers away from the city of jade Everest Jishi away. At noon, the team went to West Grand Beach, a restaurant for lunch, filled with nearly 30 people at once is not large restaurant, several players looked at the jade heart is very heavy Everest, in addition to the kitchen cooking restaurant almost hear the sound of a voice. a 22-year-old, diminutive young man (later learned that this person is Beijing K2 mountaineers climbing the leader Dong Zhihong) pick rushed straight to open the curtain in front of Captain Wang Yongfeng asked loudly: ; Wang Yongfeng captain was asked a puzzled, confused about who is standing opposite, staring stunned players are also there. I whispered: ; Beijing team. you? red inside, suddenly the two sides led to a meal fist hh police car was soon opened, and all the players pushed to the house.
Wang Yongfeng captain in his capacity as commander of the rescue search, prohibited Dong Zhihong into the mountains. At this time, a man with long hair wearing glasses walked into the house, claiming to be the captain of Beijing Liu Xuepeng K2, the two sides in the dispute, said Liu Xuepeng do not know what the sentence means: What is it? said Dong Zhihong the past few days may be too tired for nursing the wounded, emotionally a bit out of control, please keep to forgive. Wang Yongfeng, said the captain, we are not easy in the mountains, should be more cooperation, more understanding of fishes, after you let Dong Zhihong avoid contact with the search team members in order to avoid the recurrence of conflict. Liuxue Peng nodded and went out after. Wang Yongfeng, said the captain turned to us: players did not say anything, silently eating lunch, boarded the car.
16:00 pm, I again saw the jade Everest, she still stood there very gently, with just less than before her Some snow, some more ice, and melted so badly, I really can not believe she will be 5 people to stay in his arms. Everest base camp in the jade lean I saw a robust man, he called Tang Shan, Xinjiang Cellon climbers, and a respected brother. At this point, he and Ma Yao Liu Xuepeng positive introduce themselves in the mountains and found the remains of two missing persons, according to their point of view is a Beijing team dress Wang Hailiang and Renyu Kun, Liu Xuepeng tightly holding hands repeatedly thanked Tang Shan.
our base camp completed, Tang Shan Wang Yongfeng captain will come in the tent to understand the situation, when it comes to Wang Tao Tang Shan all shocked when a dead body buried because we know the hill is the remains of Wang Tao, Beijing team discovered how to be buried by the Tang Shan it? Tang Shan told us: I found the distance a group of Uighur brothers crow dropped to the ground, 30 years hunting experience tells me that there is definitely something to where the West. We came closer is a body wearing a mountaineering mountain friends, I fear the dead , give him a few shots, you blocked off with a black plastic bag his face, slowly close the plastic bag over the head of the body. I said to the Uighur brothers, do not control their own national customs, and Big Brother to help bury the climbers, we can not let the crow pecked out his face. We buried him with stones, said after a good, brother, will point it, let's the condition of the. latecomer to present the The two climbers also let me take pictures of snow buried up. Wang Tao, the body alone can not simply handle it, even in a hat covered his Jianshang hh
evening, a jeep transporting the generator down several people who traveled at their own expense by train from Beijing and Shanghai The climbers came Cao Jun, Chen Chun Chi, as well as through a variety of soft-bound hard-grinding up the mountain in Sichuan was only approved personnel, including the Tang Shan, Ma Yao, Liu Xuepeng a meeting to brief the development of tomorrow's search program. As the families last night reached Golmud Wang Hailiang, commissioned Liuxue Peng Wang Hailiang's body will be buried in place, the family has not been found Renyu Kun, Liu Xuepeng requirements themselves to deal with the remains of two climbers, but whether to allow rescue teams to see the remains of the search until after the issue of landfill and Wang Yongfeng captain had differences. Liuxue Peng expression was very contrived, left hand half of the biscuits, the right hand Breaking down the top threw a block to his mouth, like a pair of dismissive: the whereabouts of other missing persons, Liu Xuepeng spoke: His words drew: eyes, to Golmud even told me that will not be altitude sickness. kidding! 5 km outside to see two fast-moving shadows, which is certainly not the human eye. watching them do not trust the eyes, Liu Xuepeng suddenly remembered something like a shot forehead, said: reflects. ; Liu Xuepeng finished drilled to a tent.
rapid population who directly Chun Chi Chen said, tossing his head: : lives, you want to quietly done with, how is this possible. blown away. tent in the snow back to the camp for, what it means for the players exhausted? This is simply disregard for human lives. Wang Yongfeng captain prepared under a comprehensive layout of all the circumstances the task tomorrow, Cao Jun, Chen Chun Chi, to interview Liu reporters are required to search the mountains. Although we are first met, but I know they are some good brothers, climbing the people know, from low to high elevations that there should be a process of adaptation, this is 5000 meters above sea level where, according to the normal laws of tomorrow will be the greatest day of response, their decision will likely pay a heavy price. Xinjiang Cellon descending climbers as planned tomorrow, and Tang Shan leader of the Wang Yongfeng, said: I am more familiar with the situation in the mountains, tomorrow I Stay. , from the difficult, missing the South East are most likely to Huazhui glaciers up the search, another team led by my Wangdui, Ma Yao up ice from the traditional search for the Southwest, Liu is responsible for snow mold below the cable, the rest of the people base camp on standby. the two groups were searched and 5600 meters altitude of 5,500 meters to establish the camp in preparation for May 22 to the top of the search. Wang Yongfeng captain of the team members repeatedly stressed the need to pay attention to safety, do not be careless. go to sleep, quite proud of Yao Ma told me that his sleeping bag worth 5,000 dollars and I looked at him coldly silent, mentally abused, something which you TMD than someone else's life worth, I beg you, do not say, my wait any longer, faster fist 月 21 hh
5 日 早晨 8 o'clock, Ma Xinxiang coach to lead his team planned altitude of 5,300 meters to confirm the two bodies of the victims, but Liu Xuepeng or prior to the arrival time for the search team, led his The two players clean up the remains of the victims. Ma Xinxiang coach arrived, Wang Hailiang climbers have buried the bodies in half, then come see Cao Jun Ren Yukun climbers dead body was hanging in the safety rope dragged in the snow belt When rolling on the ground has always been gentle Cao Jun think that this is the greatest lack of respect for the victims, can not help but cursed: up, but did not run a few steps to not run, and Ma Xinxiang coaches so that everyone would calm down, Liu Xuepeng the remains of the victims in the next two to cry for a long time, and buried the Wanghai Liang, Ren Yukun after two climbers down the mountain. PM He found in the headquarters of the command of Captain Wang Yongfeng, let him tell Cao Jun in the mountains of the impulse to forgive myself, and then led his team to withdraw the Eagle this.
I believe I can never forgive Liuxue Peng, especially when I Tang Shan Tao witness to do that Ma Xinxiang and the open tomb and the village of Wing Chun Kwong coach for the icy slope at 5750 meters, 1.5 meters deep dug a grave, the more intolerable Liu Xuepeng contempt for the life of mountain climbers. < br> Wang Tao, borne upon the body of
distraught father
9:55, and I Wangdui, Ma Yao from the base camp, and I Wangdui back filled tents, ropes, snow cones, food, stoves and other supplies, mountaineering bags, looking at Mount Everest with Tibetan customs Jade shouted: Ma Yao thrown in the back, Wangdui said to me: ; worry brother, I do not worry him, such people are unreliable at the critical moment. 10:50 Wangdui I arrived the snow line altitude of 5,300 meters, and we struggled in the wind waiting for the horse in the Yao .11 o'clock, we heard from the walkie-talkie Ma Xinxiang dialogue coach and captain Wang Yongfeng, at an altitude of 5350 meters at the remains found in Zhou Hongjun .20 minutes later heard about 5600 meters above sea level where a suspicious object was discovered, Wang Yongfeng captain informed me that with a walkie-talkie can slow down some speed, I am annoyed to say: you'd get up fast? l Ma r up to now have not seen the captain of human form it, and I almost froze to death Wangdui. Chun Kwong Wing (female) body has been found at an altitude of 5750 meters at, let's pay attention to safety withdraw the base camp, climbers due to a package of the victims were abandoned in the snow slope on Ma Yao Ma Yao hand gestures to me the specific location of the package, I looked up at Ma Yao snappily said: . other climbers. Wangdui you go, no matter what it is the relics of the victims, I think Yao can not afford horses to get it. away from the snow-capped mountains on the bag down, I took the bag to hang it in the chest, watching the slow horse go down Yao, Liu arrived on the following: Let's go. a door he will not praise the residence of Tang Shan, said Tang Shan's eyes like an eagle, than telescopes are easy to use, contributed to the search in the mountains, this is the real eye 2.0.
the victims reasonable family members, together with Wang used their own special identity and status, it is easy to accept the manner of speech and angles, and the efforts of all parties, Captain Wang Yongfeng Wang received the phone, burial at the place, look at the request of Wang Tao Wang Tao, the father's body, you have no problem? When stopped, the sun has torn a few days not seen a cloud, the earth shone warm, the sky cloudless. We were divided into three groups to the buried bodies of the victims, Ma Xinxiang coach, coach to the altitude of the village opened 5750 Damian funeral Kwong Chun Yong, Tang Shan, Cao Jun, Chen Chun Chi to the altitude of 5350 Damian funeral Zhou Hongjun, Wang Yongfeng captain, Li Weidong, Wangdui, Liu, Ma Yao, and I went to the altitude of 5400 meters at the Tao's body back to base camp to meet him father's wish. 13:00 pm, we boarded the Guangdong team camp, where construction of C1, which is a large area of flat land full of rugged rocks. I picked up the walkie-talkie conversation with Ma Yao, asked him Wang Tao, where the victims are not aware .20 minutes before I call the horse also Yao, then any high mountain I call into learning how to have a word. We looked for a moment, only to find the Tang Shan Tao puzzle to the grave consistently strong since I started as a hat can not help but cry hh.
This is a relatively flat area, east front of the grave, a large stone erected there, a goggles rightly placed in the soil surface, which is obviously climbers Wang Tao, the stone next to the floating side of the small red flag, a red ice ax stuck in the grave, the grave is to use smaller stones and small mound up, the edge is larger Picking stones, about 70 meters away from the place where there are some abandoned debris, there should be the site of the Guangdong team camp C1. Although cedar is the first time I met Don, but the elevation of 5400 m well-made puzzle grave, I've seen him sinking, warm, kind and full of human heart, is a trusted climbers. I really can not imagine, when Wang Tao, doing all the tent is not found here, the kind of despair mood would be like, man, you really should not Siya hh
we stood silent tribute to strangers Wang Tao, Liu and Tibetan boy Wangdui each lit a stick of incense for him, Wangdui in Tibetan Wang Tao, praying for the climbers. I shouted: watch (in Golmud, the Tao's uncle has been taken against this form), Wang Tao, Liu cuffs cut with scissors, we only see the white of his arm still did not find that piece of SUUNTO watches. We Wang Tao, woven with two layers of plastic, a layer of plastic sheeting and a sleeping bag wrapped with a walkie-talkie call Ma Yao began to come together quickly to the dead body down, but no matter how you call that movement, the mountain was angry: ; Ma Yao, I have just buried a man, and not afraid to bury the second, no matter where you hide, I will kill you. a. built in the back of the control direction. seems a little flat at the foot of the snow as long as a force would sink to, and sometimes can escape from deep-and thighs, we again and again stumbled in the snow, I hang out GORETEX Trousers are crampon a one hole, filling with snow and ice kept inside. all tired out of breath, make every effort to move forward in the snow. climbed over a snow slope we see Yao Ma, this time he was lying motionless There, Wang Yongfeng captain was afraid that any accident, shouted out to him and saw him move a bit opened his eyes, then stood up silently behind us slowly with walking. there are two he wants to take over our rope, but have been pushed away our anger.
snow line has finally arrived, and we slumped onto the floor to wait for police officers to carry the body down the mountain. Wangdui look back, pointing to the remains of the horse Yao Wang Tao said: biting his lips said nothing.
as I thirst to death, Wang Yongfeng captain let me go drink water, climbing on my back pack and walked down the hill with Liu. climbed over a hill and hit my head carrying a stretcher on the Tang Shan Rail, bending over playing with what he is. I asked: to able to come up, I had a man up, and alas, I forgot to wear shoes. In my line of sight into the study appeared high and Cao Jun of the figure, I knew that these brothers can not rely on the body carried to the foot of the mountain, and I and Liu have stopped down the steps.
do not know what the sky Yin down time, when I took over gasping for Wangdui stretcher on the shoulders, the sky floating down the snow. It was the stronghold of the families of the victims, accompanied by Wang later recalled, when the sky clouds rolling in the snow as if the sky Tao is the heaven can not help but cry for, team members wearing bright down jacket slowly down the hill carrying the remains of mobile Wang Tao, the scene solemn, solemn, it is visibly moved. we are so full of stones in the walk on the slopes the number of armed police have joined the ranks slowly, we alternately carried back to the base camp of the dead body. attempts to tear his face wrapped in plastic woven, I clung to his hands to say a word, people who sent hair white hair, whom all the people present cry hh
Wang Tao body was that we gradually buried into the grave, Wang Yongfeng captain for the victims climbers Wang Tao, Zhou Hongjun, Kwong Chun Yong, Wang Hailiang, Ren Yukun held a memorial service on their unfortunate victims in mourning, let them challenge themselves, over a very limit of the spirit forever. and then we face the snow-capped mountains to silence them. At this time, the most incredible thing happened just now is still floating in the sky begins to cool and bright snow, and snow-capped mountains reflected in the sunlight, a golden yellow, like the climbers They burn the soul, heaven once again clearly show the jade Everest in front of people, it really is the the lock of hair to the victims families, and then stand in a row head to the snow line of Su Li, friends bid farewell to the victims of the mountains, Tao's father slumped sobbing son's grave, Zhou Hongjun's sister and her husband rely on tightly together, while tears while his sister, said: telescope to the place where their loved ones died, watching for the loved ones buried in the snow to send a final grief hh
Ma Tao Yao finally kneeling on the grave, a figure walked past, , called Liu, this is my business card. team members, please exercise restraint. the mentally handicapped, home to think about it slowly. midnight, we withdrew Golmud City, but also a sad news, alone ...
11 pm last night, holy mountain, Mount Everest climbers A group of amateur camp surprise after another starting from the top attack . At 6:45, Liu Fuyong (large Liu), Xiangping (Shenzhen), Fan Wenjun, Anan four, all reach the top. Congratulations!
I met with large Liu, climb Mount Everest in 2003 Before, it was an article I read, Do you want to understand China's situation of amateur climbers, this article can serve as a very good history of literature to read.
crying Mountain Ock Ock mm2000 hard on search and rescue Qinli Ji
And it is these painful experiences to form a valuable experience. When we had the mountain around, we can make better choices. cherish the lives of others, and more value his own life. We will organize the past into a set of mountain one by one, so that everyone from the tragic history, reflection, and discover something different. Let the climbers were able to maximize the greatest possible away from danger and death.
Crying Mountain Ock Ock
mm2000 hard on search and rescue Qinli Ji
cited: large Liu, full name Liufu Yong, Dalian year 1999 in May as a wild outdoor club members participated in the outdoor club and country by the mountain climbers jointly organized the climbers, the summit a success. In the event of mountain Ock, large Liu Ganggang down from the chapter sub-peak, Mount Everest has resolutely embarked on a jade relief road, mountain rescue experience the Ock and the bitter grief to his tremendous impact completely overshadowed the summit 7500 m above the first joy of snow-capped mountains. He therefore wrote this, participate in the volunteer mountain rescue teams and rescue all the members of the search to express my sincere thanks and most sincere respect.
Tang Shan Tao puzzle in the tomb of C1 for the Tao brothers
us go back!
climbing activities in 2000 was unforgettable for me within one month from the Himalayas to the Kunlun mountain range thousands of kilometers of hard twists and turns, so I completed the climb two peaks, especially in the Kunlun Mountains Yuzhu personal experience, completely buried me as an amateur climbers in the Himalayas successful ascent of 7543 meters above sea level chapter sub-peak impulse and joy. Jade is no stranger to Mount Everest for me, but I absolutely did not expect to the identity of a search and rescue team to Yuzhu hh5 third 3 February I successfully caught up with the Everest North Peak, elevation 7,543 m peak of the chapter sub-11 .5 I peak at 6,000 meters from the camp to return the advance base camp in preparation for May 13 leave home base. Shenkan all together after dinner encounter with the mountain anecdotes, is using maritime satellite telephone contact with the company on-line chairman of Shenzhen Vanke Co., Ltd., Wang suddenly called my teammates To: Everest 6178 m jade wearing white hair like a gentle and kind old man, and she turned me on to the mountain, has brought me endless joy and feelings of the mountain can also be trouble? Akiko peak climbers captain the state mountaineers Wang Yongfeng Stern warned the captain in the side of me: information from the Internet of the few reasons for the difficulty of the mountain.
5 月 14 evening, we returned to Lhasa from the Everest base camp. dinner, the captain Wang Yongfeng said to me: state, maybe we're going to Everest to rescue Jade. back to Dalian flights, climbing more than a month to make my heart full of desire to go home. climbers after lunch and the state of Ma Xinxiang my coach was about to rest, Captain Wang Yongfeng Ma Xinxiang coaches received a phone: Jade brings the total number of missing Everest 5, May 13 areas in Qinghai organized public security, armed police and military troops to the rescue, the climate, quality of personnel and lack of experience climbing and other reasons, rescuers were forced to evacuate on the 15th. It is currently climbing season, can not extract the mountains to teach professional assistance, the Chinese Mountaineering Association decided to peak in the chapter sub-drawn excellent climbers Everest rescue personnel search team of jade, and if there is no large Liu problem, let him do some family members work, you immediately went to Qinghai. place called the wife's phone, began also excited tone, then after listening to my wife, silent, low emotional moment before saying: In this moment I can not go. then carefully consider, I am grateful to these good friends, but my heart than anyone else to understand, is when the employer, not the reason I have anything too. dinner with his wife before I talk again, the words of his wife has been a lot of understanding and Support: Let my exhaustion, the desire to go home the spirit of complete relaxation let me down, I do not know whether it can hold up their own mountains, but did not realize the significance of jade Everest trip far beyond any previous mountaineering.
Wang that organization camp search team about the situation, immediately pledged to go with Jade Everest. taking into account his age and physical exertion of the factors, we do not agree. Wang argues: . 17 noon, three from Chengdu to Lanzhou, and then take the green car sent Hayden Society at 1 am to Da Xining, and then train to Golmud Golmud railway station at 19 noon the day before saw the Wang Yongfeng came from Lhasa captain, the open village of Tibet Mountaineering Team coach, Tibet, Ozark mountain boy Wangdui schools and our sub-peaks climbers chapter of the young men, he called the horse was introduced to Yao, it happened in Guangdong green outdoor expedition leader, Everest climb over 7 times Jade. Friends spoken of, Spring 1999, they had to go with Gordon Taibaishan, then went with Wang Hailiang climbers died in Beijing, Ma said that Yao himself, it was his first time climbing the spring of the year 1999 I did not Ock peak seen him, have not seen him fall, even if he spring, autumn jade all went to a Mount Everest is the summit of more than three times the average time to cobble together jade 7 summit Everest, I can not believe their ears.
1 pm the same day, Golmud City Committee established a working jade Everest rescue group, sports team is led by Deputy Secretary of Qinghai Province as Feng Jianping, deputy head of the vice mayor of Butte by the Golmud City Seoul, Municipal Law and the State secretary Liu Tianhai and Qinghai Wang Yongfeng captain climbers climbing as Deng Haiping, deputy director of management. rescue search site commander is Wang Yongfeng, Ma Xinxiang, deputy commander and co-Secretary-General Hayden high into the blue school. 15:30, all the rescue search team members and families of missing persons to meet, let them put their own ideas about it, the scene of families of missing persons with Wang Tao's father, uncle, Zhou Hongjun's sister and her husband, Kwong Chun Yung's brother. Wanghai Liang's family not to Golmud, Ren Yukun the family was not found. Because of the mountain has taken place for several days, the presence of missing everyone understand what it means. Wang Tao's body at an altitude of 5400 meters has been spotted, Tao's father asked his own money , the son's body back for cremation, the ashes scattered on Mount Everest favorite son. high into the study, explained patiently, Golmud no local crematorium, 230 km to go outside, and very bad roads, no more than 20 hours did not reach, according to local climate and conditions can not guarantee that the body does not change. Zhou Hongjun families to find the body and then fixed. due to physical discomfort, Kwong Chun Yong's father, noon returned to Guangzhou, and before leaving a written memory of the words The steel tablet and a white hada to Wang Yongfeng captain, asked to find her daughter's body, will these items on her grave, if not, please send two items to jade Everest peak. missing We have told the family must pay attention to safety, then a problem if they are guilty. Zhou Hongjun sister with a trembling voice, said: brother may not be dead. such a long time for mountains of missing persons, the survivors is very slim hope. With the development of mountaineering, mountain rescue system established to raise awareness of mountain rescue capabilities, has become an urgent thing.
at 9:30 on May 20, Battle mayor and shellfish on the beach to you once again stressed the need to pay attention to safety, missing persons, family members told us the premise of ensuring safety, try to bring back remains of missing persons .6 jeeps , l vehicles, trucks full of supplies the armed forces to 180 kilometers away from the city of jade Everest Jishi away. At noon, the team went to West Grand Beach, a restaurant for lunch, filled with nearly 30 people at once is not large restaurant, several players looked at the jade heart is very heavy Everest, in addition to the kitchen cooking restaurant almost hear the sound of a voice. a 22-year-old, diminutive young man (later learned that this person is Beijing K2 mountaineers climbing the leader Dong Zhihong) pick rushed straight to open the curtain in front of Captain Wang Yongfeng asked loudly: ; Wang Yongfeng captain was asked a puzzled, confused about who is standing opposite, staring stunned players are also there. I whispered: ; Beijing team. you? red inside, suddenly the two sides led to a meal fist hh police car was soon opened, and all the players pushed to the house.
Wang Yongfeng captain in his capacity as commander of the rescue search, prohibited Dong Zhihong into the mountains. At this time, a man with long hair wearing glasses walked into the house, claiming to be the captain of Beijing Liu Xuepeng K2, the two sides in the dispute, said Liu Xuepeng do not know what the sentence means: What is it? said Dong Zhihong the past few days may be too tired for nursing the wounded, emotionally a bit out of control, please keep to forgive. Wang Yongfeng, said the captain, we are not easy in the mountains, should be more cooperation, more understanding of fishes, after you let Dong Zhihong avoid contact with the search team members in order to avoid the recurrence of conflict. Liuxue Peng nodded and went out after. Wang Yongfeng, said the captain turned to us: players did not say anything, silently eating lunch, boarded the car.
16:00 pm, I again saw the jade Everest, she still stood there very gently, with just less than before her Some snow, some more ice, and melted so badly, I really can not believe she will be 5 people to stay in his arms. Everest base camp in the jade lean I saw a robust man, he called Tang Shan, Xinjiang Cellon climbers, and a respected brother. At this point, he and Ma Yao Liu Xuepeng positive introduce themselves in the mountains and found the remains of two missing persons, according to their point of view is a Beijing team dress Wang Hailiang and Renyu Kun, Liu Xuepeng tightly holding hands repeatedly thanked Tang Shan.
our base camp completed, Tang Shan Wang Yongfeng captain will come in the tent to understand the situation, when it comes to Wang Tao Tang Shan all shocked when a dead body buried because we know the hill is the remains of Wang Tao, Beijing team discovered how to be buried by the Tang Shan it? Tang Shan told us: I found the distance a group of Uighur brothers crow dropped to the ground, 30 years hunting experience tells me that there is definitely something to where the West. We came closer is a body wearing a mountaineering mountain friends, I fear the dead , give him a few shots, you blocked off with a black plastic bag his face, slowly close the plastic bag over the head of the body. I said to the Uighur brothers, do not control their own national customs, and Big Brother to help bury the climbers, we can not let the crow pecked out his face. We buried him with stones, said after a good, brother, will point it, let's the condition of the. latecomer to present the The two climbers also let me take pictures of snow buried up. Wang Tao, the body alone can not simply handle it, even in a hat covered his Jianshang hh
evening, a jeep transporting the generator down several people who traveled at their own expense by train from Beijing and Shanghai The climbers came Cao Jun, Chen Chun Chi, as well as through a variety of soft-bound hard-grinding up the mountain in Sichuan was only approved personnel, including the Tang Shan, Ma Yao, Liu Xuepeng a meeting to brief the development of tomorrow's search program. As the families last night reached Golmud Wang Hailiang, commissioned Liuxue Peng Wang Hailiang's body will be buried in place, the family has not been found Renyu Kun, Liu Xuepeng requirements themselves to deal with the remains of two climbers, but whether to allow rescue teams to see the remains of the search until after the issue of landfill and Wang Yongfeng captain had differences. Liuxue Peng expression was very contrived, left hand half of the biscuits, the right hand Breaking down the top threw a block to his mouth, like a pair of dismissive: the whereabouts of other missing persons, Liu Xuepeng spoke: His words drew: eyes, to Golmud even told me that will not be altitude sickness. kidding! 5 km outside to see two fast-moving shadows, which is certainly not the human eye. watching them do not trust the eyes, Liu Xuepeng suddenly remembered something like a shot forehead, said: reflects. ; Liu Xuepeng finished drilled to a tent.
rapid population who directly Chun Chi Chen said, tossing his head: : lives, you want to quietly done with, how is this possible. blown away. tent in the snow back to the camp for, what it means for the players exhausted? This is simply disregard for human lives. Wang Yongfeng captain prepared under a comprehensive layout of all the circumstances the task tomorrow, Cao Jun, Chen Chun Chi, to interview Liu reporters are required to search the mountains. Although we are first met, but I know they are some good brothers, climbing the people know, from low to high elevations that there should be a process of adaptation, this is 5000 meters above sea level where, according to the normal laws of tomorrow will be the greatest day of response, their decision will likely pay a heavy price. Xinjiang Cellon descending climbers as planned tomorrow, and Tang Shan leader of the Wang Yongfeng, said: I am more familiar with the situation in the mountains, tomorrow I Stay. , from the difficult, missing the South East are most likely to Huazhui glaciers up the search, another team led by my Wangdui, Ma Yao up ice from the traditional search for the Southwest, Liu is responsible for snow mold below the cable, the rest of the people base camp on standby. the two groups were searched and 5600 meters altitude of 5,500 meters to establish the camp in preparation for May 22 to the top of the search. Wang Yongfeng captain of the team members repeatedly stressed the need to pay attention to safety, do not be careless. go to sleep, quite proud of Yao Ma told me that his sleeping bag worth 5,000 dollars and I looked at him coldly silent, mentally abused, something which you TMD than someone else's life worth, I beg you, do not say, my wait any longer, faster fist 月 21 hh
5 日 早晨 8 o'clock, Ma Xinxiang coach to lead his team planned altitude of 5,300 meters to confirm the two bodies of the victims, but Liu Xuepeng or prior to the arrival time for the search team, led his The two players clean up the remains of the victims. Ma Xinxiang coach arrived, Wang Hailiang climbers have buried the bodies in half, then come see Cao Jun Ren Yukun climbers dead body was hanging in the safety rope dragged in the snow belt When rolling on the ground has always been gentle Cao Jun think that this is the greatest lack of respect for the victims, can not help but cursed: up, but did not run a few steps to not run, and Ma Xinxiang coaches so that everyone would calm down, Liu Xuepeng the remains of the victims in the next two to cry for a long time, and buried the Wanghai Liang, Ren Yukun after two climbers down the mountain. PM He found in the headquarters of the command of Captain Wang Yongfeng, let him tell Cao Jun in the mountains of the impulse to forgive myself, and then led his team to withdraw the Eagle this.
I believe I can never forgive Liuxue Peng, especially when I Tang Shan Tao witness to do that Ma Xinxiang and the open tomb and the village of Wing Chun Kwong coach for the icy slope at 5750 meters, 1.5 meters deep dug a grave, the more intolerable Liu Xuepeng contempt for the life of mountain climbers. < br> Wang Tao, borne upon the body of
distraught father
9:55, and I Wangdui, Ma Yao from the base camp, and I Wangdui back filled tents, ropes, snow cones, food, stoves and other supplies, mountaineering bags, looking at Mount Everest with Tibetan customs Jade shouted: Ma Yao thrown in the back, Wangdui said to me: ; worry brother, I do not worry him, such people are unreliable at the critical moment. 10:50 Wangdui I arrived the snow line altitude of 5,300 meters, and we struggled in the wind waiting for the horse in the Yao .11 o'clock, we heard from the walkie-talkie Ma Xinxiang dialogue coach and captain Wang Yongfeng, at an altitude of 5350 meters at the remains found in Zhou Hongjun .20 minutes later heard about 5600 meters above sea level where a suspicious object was discovered, Wang Yongfeng captain informed me that with a walkie-talkie can slow down some speed, I am annoyed to say: you'd get up fast? l Ma r up to now have not seen the captain of human form it, and I almost froze to death Wangdui. Chun Kwong Wing (female) body has been found at an altitude of 5750 meters at, let's pay attention to safety withdraw the base camp, climbers due to a package of the victims were abandoned in the snow slope on Ma Yao Ma Yao hand gestures to me the specific location of the package, I looked up at Ma Yao snappily said: . other climbers. Wangdui you go, no matter what it is the relics of the victims, I think Yao can not afford horses to get it. away from the snow-capped mountains on the bag down, I took the bag to hang it in the chest, watching the slow horse go down Yao, Liu arrived on the following: Let's go. a door he will not praise the residence of Tang Shan, said Tang Shan's eyes like an eagle, than telescopes are easy to use, contributed to the search in the mountains, this is the real eye 2.0.
the victims reasonable family members, together with Wang used their own special identity and status, it is easy to accept the manner of speech and angles, and the efforts of all parties, Captain Wang Yongfeng Wang received the phone, burial at the place, look at the request of Wang Tao Wang Tao, the father's body, you have no problem? When stopped, the sun has torn a few days not seen a cloud, the earth shone warm, the sky cloudless. We were divided into three groups to the buried bodies of the victims, Ma Xinxiang coach, coach to the altitude of the village opened 5750 Damian funeral Kwong Chun Yong, Tang Shan, Cao Jun, Chen Chun Chi to the altitude of 5350 Damian funeral Zhou Hongjun, Wang Yongfeng captain, Li Weidong, Wangdui, Liu, Ma Yao, and I went to the altitude of 5400 meters at the Tao's body back to base camp to meet him father's wish. 13:00 pm, we boarded the Guangdong team camp, where construction of C1, which is a large area of flat land full of rugged rocks. I picked up the walkie-talkie conversation with Ma Yao, asked him Wang Tao, where the victims are not aware .20 minutes before I call the horse also Yao, then any high mountain I call into learning how to have a word. We looked for a moment, only to find the Tang Shan Tao puzzle to the grave consistently strong since I started as a hat can not help but cry hh.
This is a relatively flat area, east front of the grave, a large stone erected there, a goggles rightly placed in the soil surface, which is obviously climbers Wang Tao, the stone next to the floating side of the small red flag, a red ice ax stuck in the grave, the grave is to use smaller stones and small mound up, the edge is larger Picking stones, about 70 meters away from the place where there are some abandoned debris, there should be the site of the Guangdong team camp C1. Although cedar is the first time I met Don, but the elevation of 5400 m well-made puzzle grave, I've seen him sinking, warm, kind and full of human heart, is a trusted climbers. I really can not imagine, when Wang Tao, doing all the tent is not found here, the kind of despair mood would be like, man, you really should not Siya hh
we stood silent tribute to strangers Wang Tao, Liu and Tibetan boy Wangdui each lit a stick of incense for him, Wangdui in Tibetan Wang Tao, praying for the climbers. I shouted: watch (in Golmud, the Tao's uncle has been taken against this form), Wang Tao, Liu cuffs cut with scissors, we only see the white of his arm still did not find that piece of SUUNTO watches. We Wang Tao, woven with two layers of plastic, a layer of plastic sheeting and a sleeping bag wrapped with a walkie-talkie call Ma Yao began to come together quickly to the dead body down, but no matter how you call that movement, the mountain was angry: ; Ma Yao, I have just buried a man, and not afraid to bury the second, no matter where you hide, I will kill you. a. built in the back of the control direction. seems a little flat at the foot of the snow as long as a force would sink to, and sometimes can escape from deep-and thighs, we again and again stumbled in the snow, I hang out GORETEX Trousers are crampon a one hole, filling with snow and ice kept inside. all tired out of breath, make every effort to move forward in the snow. climbed over a snow slope we see Yao Ma, this time he was lying motionless There, Wang Yongfeng captain was afraid that any accident, shouted out to him and saw him move a bit opened his eyes, then stood up silently behind us slowly with walking. there are two he wants to take over our rope, but have been pushed away our anger.
snow line has finally arrived, and we slumped onto the floor to wait for police officers to carry the body down the mountain. Wangdui look back, pointing to the remains of the horse Yao Wang Tao said: biting his lips said nothing.
as I thirst to death, Wang Yongfeng captain let me go drink water, climbing on my back pack and walked down the hill with Liu. climbed over a hill and hit my head carrying a stretcher on the Tang Shan Rail, bending over playing with what he is. I asked: to able to come up, I had a man up, and alas, I forgot to wear shoes. In my line of sight into the study appeared high and Cao Jun of the figure, I knew that these brothers can not rely on the body carried to the foot of the mountain, and I and Liu have stopped down the steps.
do not know what the sky Yin down time, when I took over gasping for Wangdui stretcher on the shoulders, the sky floating down the snow. It was the stronghold of the families of the victims, accompanied by Wang later recalled, when the sky clouds rolling in the snow as if the sky Tao is the heaven can not help but cry for, team members wearing bright down jacket slowly down the hill carrying the remains of mobile Wang Tao, the scene solemn, solemn, it is visibly moved. we are so full of stones in the walk on the slopes the number of armed police have joined the ranks slowly, we alternately carried back to the base camp of the dead body. attempts to tear his face wrapped in plastic woven, I clung to his hands to say a word, people who sent hair white hair, whom all the people present cry hh
Wang Tao body was that we gradually buried into the grave, Wang Yongfeng captain for the victims climbers Wang Tao, Zhou Hongjun, Kwong Chun Yong, Wang Hailiang, Ren Yukun held a memorial service on their unfortunate victims in mourning, let them challenge themselves, over a very limit of the spirit forever. and then we face the snow-capped mountains to silence them. At this time, the most incredible thing happened just now is still floating in the sky begins to cool and bright snow, and snow-capped mountains reflected in the sunlight, a golden yellow, like the climbers They burn the soul, heaven once again clearly show the jade Everest in front of people, it really is the the lock of hair to the victims families, and then stand in a row head to the snow line of Su Li, friends bid farewell to the victims of the mountains, Tao's father slumped sobbing son's grave, Zhou Hongjun's sister and her husband rely on tightly together, while tears while his sister, said: telescope to the place where their loved ones died, watching for the loved ones buried in the snow to send a final grief hh
Ma Tao Yao finally kneeling on the grave, a figure walked past, , called Liu, this is my business card. team members, please exercise restraint. the mentally handicapped, home to think about it slowly. midnight, we withdrew Golmud City, but also a sad news, alone ...
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Weapons
The first part of the cold weapons
1. Spears, bows, crossbows, swords, shields and the ancient chariot (BC 2000 - 500 years before)
2. Phalanx and spear (BC 500 - 200 years ago )
3. dagger, heavy javelin, and the Roman Army (400 BC - AD 300)
4. fortification and siege techniques (1000 BC - AD 300)
5. stirrups and lance: the rise of cavalry (AD 300-500 years)
6. cruel massacre (AD 500-1000 years)
7. the rise of Islam (AD 630-1000 years)
8. tricks and techniques Byzantine (AD 630-1000 years)
9. Expedition: communication East and West (AD 1100-1300 years)
10. cyclones from Mongolia (AD 1200-1300 years)
11 . Infantry revival: the British longbow and the Swiss pike (AD 1200-1500)
second part of the black powder era
12. shot stone cannon, matchlock guns, explosive cartridges and grenades (AD 1400-1600 years )
13. fortification new siege technologies (AD 1400-1700 years)
14. Spanish square and large sailing (AD 1500-1600)
15. battleship: black powder weapons dominate the ocean ( In AD 1550-1880)
16. Gustav. Adolf II era: the infantry and artillery combined (AD 1600-1700 years)
17. Frederick and perfect black powder weapons and tactics (AD 1700 -1780 years)
18. Napoleon and the revolutionary war (AD 1795-1815 years)
third part of the era of technological change
19. Technology and the Industrial Revolution (AD 1800-1900) of < br> 20. great changes: Sailing -> Steamboat; wood -> iron and steel; swivel guns -> turret (AD 1800-1865 years)
21. rifle, conical bullets and dispersed teams type (AD 1800-1875 years)
22. battleship -> Dreadnought -> aircraft carriers (AD 1865-1945 years)
23. trenches, barbed wire, machine guns and high explosives (AD 1870-1918 years )
24. From the military services to create a new blitzkrieg (AD 1919-1945 years)
25. Air Force (AD 1935 to date)
26. From the landing force to joint task forces (AD 1940-present)
27. missiles, nuclear weapons and their deterrent effect (AD 1945)
28. in the war under the nuclear umbrella: the Korean War, Vietnam War and the Middle East War (AD 1950-1973 years)
29. all era weapons of mass destruction
30. lethality, casualties and tactics
31. and thinking
32. military history and military theory: strategist laboratory
33. future wars and operations
the basic principles of war and war in the early history of
tools
Assyrian war machine
the beginning of naval warfare in Ancient Thought
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war and the war in human history, the history, the earliest written records found in the first war in Palestine, Megiddo. BC 1469, Palestine and Syria, some of the tribes raise his flag against the young Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III's reign. rebels gathered in the north of Mount Caramel Megiddo, and sent outpost guards Megiddo Pass. Thutmose take the chariot, led the troops to forcibly break blockade, crossed the Pass. Then he quickly formed crescent-shaped formations of troops to the rebel onslaught, but the rebels do not know Aijun has been close. Thutmose its right wing forces to contain the rebels lived panic, and rate of left-wing forces outflanking the north side of the rebels, in one fell swoop to defeat, won a decisive victory.
of written in this before the war, armed conflict has long been a longstanding facts. Initially, the human use of stones and sticks As for food, their spouses and shelter tool, or will they use to conquer others, to meet their innate desire to know the stones and sticks as a , of stone with sharp edges sharpened sticks or pebbles or blunt stick than more powerful. ancient times, humans have to understand that the enemy or hunting for food in the attack, if hidden in the grass or suddenly from the trees, rocks jump, more easily counted towards. In this way, since a typical human way to establish that the ability to adapt to use with their own specific means to inventions, improvements, selection and use of weapons. man in the whole history of war, always in accordance with this ways to act.
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early instruments of war
the first few years because of human history has not been documented, so then many of the original arsenal weapons have been undiscovered. the opening of the metal, sword, bow and spear the invention, gave the war and tactics development had a revolutionary effect, but unfortunately have not been able to leave a word. In every historical period later, These basic combat weapons and their use has undergone a series of evolution and development, continue to affect the human war.
weapons from the beginning divided into two categories: bayonet fighting style and throwing style. prehistoric humans used sticks bayonet fighting style is the most primitive weapons, the first throwing type weapons toward the enemy or prey of human stones.
from prehistoric times, humans will be made from the skins of small and smooth catapults to throw stones, This is throwing with his arm strength than the more simple, more distant. This device also uses clay throwing projectiles fired, and later by Lead projectile. in Pompeii and other ancient sites have been found in the shape of the projectile acorn kind. living in the Balearic Islands have a special hand-stoning stoning superb technology. They are usually equipped with three types of catapults were used far, the close-throwing. David (1040 BC - 970 years before, the king of Israel) is killed Goliath with a sling [Translator's Note: According to the gradually replaced by stone-throwing throwing sharp sticks, and later evolved into spears, javelin, and a curved hardwood dart. Homer Warriors everyone bring two javelin. fighting the enemy first javelin, and then use the sword of the bayonet charge. compatible with the javelin sprint-type weapons are heavy spears or spears. in many ancient societies, is fighting fierce spears tag, but also the sacred symbol of monarchical power. In Roman Mars (Mars) and the Greek Temple various churches, the spears are adored by people of the sacred.
ordinary Greek spears six to nine feet in length. but because it is hand made, so this is actually shapes and varying lengths. spears and long Jiabing spear is the standard weapon of ancient Greece. This Jiabing equipped with heavy weapons and armor, ancient Greek battle formation is the basic membership mm square.
in the Stone Age, the sticks and a wide variety of weapons. in which the North American Indians Tomahawk-type axes are used in weapons. If you stick a sharp knife cut out to become the prototype of the sword. With the development of metallurgical technology, it is a hard, resilient smelting metal, to create a long, thin blade sword. bronze is the earliest human use of the metal. As in nature there is a natural bronze, it is difficult to say when the man began producing the first bronze. the use of bronze tools, the Greek island of Crete began in 3000 BC time, while Egypt and Mesopotamia began in 2800 BC, Troy began in 2000 BC. about 2,500 years ago in BC's Indian River and China after centuries there have been similar to the Yellow River Basin technology development. As bronze with strong, flexible and wear-resistant properties, so it is appropriate to be used to produce very sharp and knife-edge sharp weapons.
After centuries of development, metal craftsmen technology increasing, the invention of Many new production and casting techniques, produced not only the shape of the sword has been improved, and more durable. bronze sword pointed at first, the sword blade is larger than the first, it seems that both for the assassination (similar to the duel with light sword), but also for hacking (like Sabre), because the soft texture of bronze, it is mainly used for originally bronze sword kill.
iron tools first appeared about 1500 BC. About a century later living in the mountains of Armenia, Charles Lai Bisi tribes learned to put the charcoal heated iron, and then quenched, and then heating, hammering, and through processing turns, become very hard to iron. during the course of processing , due to the surface occasionally to dissolve the iron carbon particles, which made the original steel. BC 1,200 years ago, the new metallurgical technology has been widely throughout the eastern Mediterranean, used.
Although the original iron The cost is very expensive and production is limited, however, found that, after all, to the ancient iron weapons and war brought a huge impact. to 1200 BC, the sharp sword began in Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt and other regions appeared. As This metal is hard and difficult to break, so the sword has changed shape.
to 1000 BC, when the sword is divided into two main types. One is shaped like a saber sword for the Blade, which No species of the sword tip, then Gaul and Celtic is the sword used. Another short sword, much like a two-edged dagger, is worn in ancient Greece Jiabing weapons. This is about a sword blade 16-18 inches wide and 2 to 2.5 inches, 4-5 inches long hilt. It is slightly longer than it was slightly wider Roman dagger prototype. mm Roman sword, although the former is still a hacking and the assassination of weapons, but mainly for hacking.
metal also led to the use of weapons of body armor developed with the rise of the manufacturing sector. The original of the most important human invention of body with a shield. At first it is only a animal skins, almost always with the left hand or get in the left arm, so that the right hand to manage weapons can be freed up. Later, people often hides wrapped in a simple wooden frame, made of a shield. but some of the ancient shield is made entirely of wood. in Asia is the wicker shields used. to protect the head, torso and legs of body is made of animal hide with the original, wicker, lined with cloth cover or wood, litter and other material .
Although the metal has been used in the manufacture of weapons, but the leather is still the most fundamental and most commonly used system of shield material. Of course, sometimes with a metal shield to enhance the fastness. hammer metal armor and helmets require a high technology and time-consuming work, but with scales made of small pieces of wrought iron is more expensive, and practical. ancient oriental land of Assyria, thanks to new metal weapons manufacturing technology, They have a long iron in his hand cut sword, wearing out the leather stitched in the armor of iron scales. Since the emergence of iron, casual Greek Jiabing the spears on the iron tip, the sword worn around the waist is also made of iron, and their armor, shields and helmets are bronze. Roman Legion soldiers breastplate, leather Shangzhui to overlap in bronze or iron tablets made of.
bow came in the late Stone Age. before the invention of black powder, it has been soldiers in the hands of projective weapons base. In the beginning of recorded human history, when the Middle East, India and China have long to use it. from the ancient until the sixteenth century AD, this time, the bow is always the most important Chinese military mobile weapon . reinstall the archers in both lightly armed archers have the Assyrian army, the bow is also the main weapons. of ancient Greece, Macedonia, the ancient Jews and the Roman army, although the bow is also very important, but only a supplementary weapons.
Indian arch length is 4 to 5 feet of the time in 2200 has maintained basically the same. Bamboo is the production of materials used, but also try some other materials including metals, including. arrows length of 2 to 3 feet, made of bamboo or rattan, usually metal arrow. archers generally do not take the shield, a shield from the front row of the Javelin to protect. In India, both soldiers are archers or javelin equipped with a long and broad sword cut.
order to effectively use the bow, the soldiers must be constantly repeated technical training, it is also suitable for operational needs of the open terrain. Therefore, it has become a kind of expertise weapons in the hands of soldiers. such as the Assyrian archers of Crete and later hire archers (Macedonia and they were praised by the ancient Romans), and the nomadic hunters use such weapons.
is an early bow kinds of mixed production of materials depends on what materials can be craftsmen. This horn bow was to be the whole of Asia and some standard weapons used by the Europeans. Until now, some remote areas on Earth are still using it.
mixed wood bow is made of layers of different materials. in the history of most of the era, this bow is usually made of a flat wooden board of the central skeleton of the bow, the archer in front of a layer of pressure on the side of the split horn material; the other side of the bow frame coupled with a layer of animal tendons. the majority of mixed wood bow is reflective, loose bow when the bow with the bow string bending direction of the bending direction when tension is just the opposite. mixed with wood bow length is generally less than 4 feet, while the Turkish and Mongolian bow bow in more than 5 feet.
a wide range of angular bow, its firing range and penetration also vary. such as Turkey horn bow shooting distance of 300 yards or more, to wear through force is quite large. However, until about the 16th century, the Turkish bow before being improved through mail. to the upper corner of the bow with the cavalry, it was the power has been greatly improved, so that the military maneuver and weapons of mass destruction have been formidable combination.
ancient chariot was a small carriage, the horse or horses pulling Phi horses with armor. It is a very ancient time up to the development of . Back in the Trojan war (about 1200 BC), chariot archers and spears to soldiers as a mobile platform to use. In ancient Greece before the end, the warrior is mainly used to transport tanks to the battlefield, warrior off after fighting with the enemy knives. in India and China, the chariot of the body was largely used for kings and nobles of the mobile command post. car also contains a drum messenger, horseman, and one or more archers. Over time, the majority of tank armies in Asia becoming the main assault weapon, to hit the enemy troops or soldiers rolled. As in the axles and wheels coat hook on a long-handled knives and other large sword weapons, vehicles also put a shield around the armor and other protective gear different, thus greatly improving the tank's attack power. The Bible has recorded that the Hebrews from Egypt to escape the fear of people, especially the chariot of Pharaoh in Egypt . Assyrian war chariot that time and later historians have left a very deep impression.
However, the horses pulling chariots used by the enemy vulnerable to attack, and there must be flat, open terrain function effectively, so its use is limited. Nevertheless, as long as a suitable aircraft for the right time and place of tanks in combat, has repeatedly won victories.
cavalry first appeared in AD about 1,000 years ago, composed by the inferior nobility. they have enough wealth to afford better armor and weapons, still has a lot of horses. However, most of the elite commando in the army still retains a battle fleet, to transport a large aristocratic or royal family members rushed to the battlefield.
in India is difficult because the relationship between the climate of fine-bred horses, and the best animals and are used for horse-drawn chariot, which is rarely the ancient Indian cavalry reasons. Thus, in about 600 BC, when India began to fight with elephants. megafauna composition of this force is often the sudden appearance of the enemy panic. However, the actual combat that it can play a big deal psychological deterrent. When the elephants caused terror calm down, trained troops would find an effective means to deal with the elephant. These animals are easily scattered scurry about, but will his team into confusion. To Therefore, fighting as soldiers driving an elephant stampede when the tip of iron piercing it with a head. In India Tiejian and burning with a heavy rocket fire elephant. Greece, some genius has used the Unknown Soldier anti-tank minefields and now a similar way, the iron pickets chain buried in the right place to cut through the soft, thick-skinned animals, the elephant's feet.
Despite the limitations of an elephant fighting a lot, and easy was wounded, but the enemy never dared to be taken lightly, and thus gradually expanded the use of elephants to the Near East and North Africa. Second Punic War, the ancient Romans had forced the Carthaginians to accept the peace talks, fighting in the prohibited provisions use of an elephant. It can be said that this is the history of mankind's earliest written record of an arms limitation.
the composition of the army in ancient times, the use of weapons and tactical utilization, whether the flexibility is very important. was The army usually a large number of infantry armed with spear and shield components, in addition to throwing type weapons equipped with stoning soldiers and archers, this constitutes the entire army infantry, a strong base. which makes equipment to better combat team, Cavalry and War Elephants can be carried out smoothly in its operational activities around.
against the time when the armed forces, large spears hands together in front of a dense lightly armed soldiers, archers and catapults, and then riding in the front and side immediately or take the chariot of the noble ranks. close to each other when the two armies, soldiers, archers and catapults continuous harassment of the project on the enemy position until the enemy tank or cavalry assault was launched. Then, lightly armed infantry troops through the re- the gap between the flank and back toward camp. In addition to the battle as Megiddo Thutmose warfare, as the few exceptions, the movement of troops and the line moves the camera only, not pre-planned arrangements. Typically, the melee bite each other with both sides, stepping on the ground more and more dead and wounded, when facing the front, sometimes back. Sometimes one chariot and cavalry charge in initiating collapse scared when the other side, then the battle to become the pursuit of one party against another.
since the beginning of recorded human history, since the military tactics, the military establishment and military doctrine, not only by the weapons of constantly updated, more importantly, is subject to how to use military force, how to use weapons of new ideas and concepts of. reasonable and creative use of existing weapons ideas, greatly promoted the development of the military.
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Assyrian war machine from the Assyrian military adopted a new organizational structure, we can understand the specific circumstances of the war machine. around 700 BC, the Assyrian king Ti Gela. Pa Lhasa III abandoned the then militia throughout the country established a standing regular army. Of course, the state must grant to the pay of soldiers, while the army and most likely to be maintained by the external expansion. Therefore, the priority for change in this country become engaged in the war. It depends on the booty and the earliest human history, a real military system to maintain its financial resources and a prosperous future. They spared no effort to maintain the army's high efficiency. rely on the army, Ti Gela. Pa Lasa extended militaristic empire, the Assyrian kings established boundaries.
there are signs that the world's first fully understand the performance of iron than copper is a good Assyrian. they all are equipped with iron weapons troops, tanks and armor . because of their continuous, systematic improvement of weapons and trained soldier, to make them proficient in the use of weapons, therefore, the Assyrian army maintained a long-term military technological superiority.
the main by the Assyrian army a lot of spears forces. They move slowly and quite heavy, but with the same infantry was compared to other countries, technology quite well, mobility is also relatively strong. In a typical operational plan Assyrian, the climax stage has is the irresistible trend initiated by the enemy assault.
Archers Assyrian army than the enemy more closely organized, more powerful bow, and are able to launch a high hit rate of iron arrows. they are often shooting the enemy team floundered, so, for the chariots and horsemen in close collaboration, to create the conditions for assault.
Assyrian army was the main offensive force fighting team of horses pulling the wheel. Its mission is the enemy infantry team rush out a way forward. with the then armed forces of other countries, like the Assyrians used chariots powerful and ferocious form of combat power of the mighty battle fleet, and archers, spears and cavalry soldiers in close combat with the .
cavalry in the smallest share of the Assyrian army, but the most stringent technical training, and equipment is best. Those noble soldiers were riding went to the battlefield. to the battlefield, some people dismount on foot combat, and some sat war combat vehicles, but many people are fighting on horseback with the enemy's. cavalry more stringent than other branches of the military discipline, technology is more skilled and more flexible. combat maneuvering can only only use the cavalry.
Assyrian army to the complex terrain in a variety of operational conditions, which clearly shows the preparation of its organization is clever. Assyrian army preparation it was not more clear. However, it may sometimes be close to the field army Five thousand troops. a such a large army to be able to fight in the desert and mountain, there must be a large supply of baggage protection of military forces, but also have a high performance organization and logistics operations officer, supply system, only to give full play to its combat power.
terrorist tactics is another important Assyrian military means to win. At that time, most countries of the army known to vicious cruelty, the Assyrians adopted it is this policy of terror mm may be regarded as a psychological warfare in human history, the first instance. After their capture of a city, often young and old loquat annihilation, or to imprison all the people, their murderous cruelty to the implementation of the policy of terror Practice has proved that the safety of the Assyrian army played a huge role.
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sea around the beginning of the Assyrian
standing army at the same time to develop Phoenicians seem to have started the first dedicated naval warships. living in the Mediterranean and the Aegean coast to sailing for a living have long used the vessel for military purposes. However, there were only limited to the merchant for the delivery of troops and supplies. These sails and oars with a short, wide boat is basically used to support land forces. Phoenicians created new warships are sailing with the propeller. compared with the typical merchant than, its hull longer, narrower, faster.
Greeks, especially Athenians sailing on the Phoenician design was further improved. and to have the Navy was on land or at sea fighting the most skilled and most sophisticated technology. Athens is a three-tiered paddle boat hull is long, narrow and shallow and warships, the ship because of its oars arranged in three groups on each side and therefore have the ship name. In order to improve the ship's speed, power and mobility, they hesitate to reduce the ship's seaworthiness, comfort, cargo capacity, and maximum range. The two mast ship sailing installed as auxiliary power paddle, but in combat Only when the paddle-driven, the number of hands from the paddle 75 added more than 150 people.
three major combat paddle boat at the waterline at the prominent part of it is about ten feet at the bow of the ship hit the angle of the metal. If the collision angle inserted into the enemy ship's side, will inevitably lead to a fatal wound. However, most Greeks would rather take the old tactics, that is zoned to the next enemy ships, and then forced to board the ship to attack the enemy, so they are often loaded on board the boarding troops.
Athens Navy is relying on the superb seamanship, ship's speed and mobility to win. If there is no opportunity to direct the nearest warship Athens enemy broadside impact, then it suddenly beside the enemy ships turn, and paddle off at the last minute to put the boat, go hit that panic-stricken enemy ships, enemy ships powerless when only nest like a duck, let Athens warships hit the angle with the collision. < br> We should never underestimate the ancient Phoenicians and the Carthage and Syracuse Sri Lanka's At that time the world has always been to follow the typical Navy. Of course, they did not copy from, made many improvements. For example, the number of blade increases and decreases, paddle position is also different, longer hull becomes more shallow board increase of combat weapons turret placement, the use of being able to grapple enemy ships and capture enemy ships Naogou Garden Bridge. In the period of about two thousand years, the long, shallow mast warship is always the key for the Western world ship type. bump and jump to help has also been the basic tactical naval combat. until the fifth century AD, Portugal, Spain and the UK Navy out of the Mediterranean, to leave the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean began to overseas expansion and conquest This situation changed only.
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operational thinking in Ancient Assyrian
Based on our understanding of the situation in the war, combined with wheat Guido scattered information on this early war records, ancient military commanders can see we already have so-called operational doctrine and tactics like a very clever military thinking. And the king of ancient empires and the Pharaoh will have some obscure the concept of military strategy. but we know very little about this, it can only make some speculate Bale.
Clearly, then, we must already have the so-called operational doctrines.
I have on other occasions [Note : See the historical analysis and research organizations, an organic system, used to dominate combat the various components of the armed forces, and to ensure consistent and coordinated use of these components. rules may be created from the combat experience or military theory, can also be a combination of both. It represents the use of troops The best guidelines and rely on reason to ensure its implementation. doctrine is actually a complete set of operational methods, only the military knows it all sectors, understand it and follow it, can really play its role ;.
regulations to be implemented through tactics. I may be defined as a tactical dispersion of forces to be deployed and the clever use of scheduling in order to achieve the stated purpose of fighting the technology.
Although the written records of the existing , the few detailed description of the ancient war, but rely on our known conditions, testifying to the ancient (well before 500 BC) of the original military leaders have developed the operational doctrine, good tactical use of forces and weapons use. they can organize and deploy forces very well, so in a dominant position, to send all types of combat soldiers to accomplish a specific task. they have been well aware of the advantages of surprise attack, know how to use the typical method of mobile operations (until the modern still continue to use), the most important thing is surrounded by the method of mobility. In addition, they can make good use of projective weapons. The role of projective weapons from the weapons far beyond the fighting knives, which can cause the enemy the ranks of serious confusion. If a good match with the assault charge, can give full play to its effectiveness.
ancient war there is a notable feature is the device to the Shi Zhanbing leave enough space, and major in the army aside a certain part of the distance between each soldier to account for an average of one square meter location. an army of five thousand of the Assyrians, including infantry, forty thousand thousand, and compiled into the dense depth of 20 formation, cavalry and war fleet of about 5 rows deep, the formation unit is roughly equivalent to the interval between the location of the area they occupy a total area of less than a quarter square kilometers, which means that the width of about two thousand five hundred meters, depth of about one hundred meters.
. phalanx and spear (BC 500 - 200 years ago)
matrix (composed of soldiers from the infantry spears intensive force), as early as 3000 BC Samui Maria when a combat formation. In Greece, perhaps from the seventh century BC, began the battle by a square. In addition to the north of Thessaly and Macedonia and other areas of relatively flat, the mountainous Greece is not suitable for cavalry maneuvers. Therefore, in general, the Greek cavalry does not attach great importance to the arms, and focus on continuous improvement through relying on the combat infantry phalanx.
very strict discipline and heavy infantry units, arranged in a long battle cross-team depth ranging from 8 to 12 rows. trained and disciplined soldiers of ancient Greece every square mm Jiabing, through sport and frequent combat, trained to have a robust physique. Their main weapon is spears, its length is usually 6-9 feet. They wear helmets, chest armor hanging, wrapped Gaiters (knee to protect the leg between the ankle section), handheld buckler, often stuck in waist or hung a short sword. war, the previous 2 to 3 rows Jiabing the spear against the enemy, behind the row of the spear in the Qianyi Pai soldiers stand shoulder to form a barrier to ward off enemy arrows from the air.
square and its various component units combat formation may be a limited movement. phalanx often at the start and close to the long left the narrow interval between the horizontal force for light infantry in combat when needed walk through. combatants usually agreed upon by both parties , in the most flat ground to. because troops in rugged terrain caused by head and tail out of line games, which is very unfavorable to the formation of convergence.
Jiabing by the ancient Greek city-states formed in the upper Freeman. light infantry both in equipment and training to develop on or in the discipline in general are not as good Jiabing, mostly from lower classes of society. Many light infantry, special forces in particular, equipped with the device and a skilled soldiers, archers and catapults were hired Army. They shared with the less powerful cavalry advancing phalanx responsible for protecting the flank. the fighting began, they formed a skirmish in the square in front of screen protection forces.
Greek Jiabing addition to rigorous training, with exceptionally strong body, also has advantages and disadvantages of independent city-states freemen. They clever and intelligent, literate literacy, therefore, quite a point of arrogance. even though they clearly accepted in the discipline built on the basis of a tactical system and order, but still not quite convinced that a strict system of organization.
to the fifth century BC, due to the spread of Greek civilization and culture, the original is still in the savage state of Macedonia was entirely Greek. But Macedonian military development is unique. before the fifth century BC and the early fourth century, the king of Macedonia has established a fairly large-scale infantry. but it mainly depends on the military strength of the Kingdom of the aristocratic cavalry. When Philip II ascended the throne time (359 BC), he completely reorganized the Macedonian army. He side reforms cavalry, the infantry side of the building and special attention. the army of King Philip of Macedonia, a local full-time by the soldiers, and not provoke the armed forces from other Greek mercenaries, who come from Macedonia, the recruitment of farmers, according to origin regions even in the woven side team, so they have a spirit of solidarity, which at that time is very valuable. Philip Wang also take all possible measures so that the army loyal to him.
restructured, the Macedonian army into a world at that time the most sophisticated units. This is a close unity of the army, it will combat the superb skills of the Greek mercenaries Greek citizens with the soldiers patriotism and dedication to form a whole. By and weapons capabilities and limitations of a thorough analysis, in human history, the first time there has been such a clear military thinking, that is, through science ...
1. Spears, bows, crossbows, swords, shields and the ancient chariot (BC 2000 - 500 years before)
2. Phalanx and spear (BC 500 - 200 years ago )
3. dagger, heavy javelin, and the Roman Army (400 BC - AD 300)
4. fortification and siege techniques (1000 BC - AD 300)
5. stirrups and lance: the rise of cavalry (AD 300-500 years)
6. cruel massacre (AD 500-1000 years)
7. the rise of Islam (AD 630-1000 years)
8. tricks and techniques Byzantine (AD 630-1000 years)
9. Expedition: communication East and West (AD 1100-1300 years)
10. cyclones from Mongolia (AD 1200-1300 years)
11 . Infantry revival: the British longbow and the Swiss pike (AD 1200-1500)
second part of the black powder era
12. shot stone cannon, matchlock guns, explosive cartridges and grenades (AD 1400-1600 years )
13. fortification new siege technologies (AD 1400-1700 years)
14. Spanish square and large sailing (AD 1500-1600)
15. battleship: black powder weapons dominate the ocean ( In AD 1550-1880)
16. Gustav. Adolf II era: the infantry and artillery combined (AD 1600-1700 years)
17. Frederick and perfect black powder weapons and tactics (AD 1700 -1780 years)
18. Napoleon and the revolutionary war (AD 1795-1815 years)
third part of the era of technological change
19. Technology and the Industrial Revolution (AD 1800-1900) of < br> 20. great changes: Sailing -> Steamboat; wood -> iron and steel; swivel guns -> turret (AD 1800-1865 years)
21. rifle, conical bullets and dispersed teams type (AD 1800-1875 years)
22. battleship -> Dreadnought -> aircraft carriers (AD 1865-1945 years)
23. trenches, barbed wire, machine guns and high explosives (AD 1870-1918 years )
24. From the military services to create a new blitzkrieg (AD 1919-1945 years)
25. Air Force (AD 1935 to date)
26. From the landing force to joint task forces (AD 1940-present)
27. missiles, nuclear weapons and their deterrent effect (AD 1945)
28. in the war under the nuclear umbrella: the Korean War, Vietnam War and the Middle East War (AD 1950-1973 years)
29. all era weapons of mass destruction
30. lethality, casualties and tactics
31. and thinking
32. military history and military theory: strategist laboratory
33. future wars and operations
the basic principles of war and war in the early history of
tools
Assyrian war machine
the beginning of naval warfare in Ancient Thought
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war and the war in human history, the history, the earliest written records found in the first war in Palestine, Megiddo. BC 1469, Palestine and Syria, some of the tribes raise his flag against the young Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III's reign. rebels gathered in the north of Mount Caramel Megiddo, and sent outpost guards Megiddo Pass. Thutmose take the chariot, led the troops to forcibly break blockade, crossed the Pass. Then he quickly formed crescent-shaped formations of troops to the rebel onslaught, but the rebels do not know Aijun has been close. Thutmose its right wing forces to contain the rebels lived panic, and rate of left-wing forces outflanking the north side of the rebels, in one fell swoop to defeat, won a decisive victory.
of written in this before the war, armed conflict has long been a longstanding facts. Initially, the human use of stones and sticks As for food, their spouses and shelter tool, or will they use to conquer others, to meet their innate desire to know the stones and sticks as a , of stone with sharp edges sharpened sticks or pebbles or blunt stick than more powerful. ancient times, humans have to understand that the enemy or hunting for food in the attack, if hidden in the grass or suddenly from the trees, rocks jump, more easily counted towards. In this way, since a typical human way to establish that the ability to adapt to use with their own specific means to inventions, improvements, selection and use of weapons. man in the whole history of war, always in accordance with this ways to act.
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early instruments of war
the first few years because of human history has not been documented, so then many of the original arsenal weapons have been undiscovered. the opening of the metal, sword, bow and spear the invention, gave the war and tactics development had a revolutionary effect, but unfortunately have not been able to leave a word. In every historical period later, These basic combat weapons and their use has undergone a series of evolution and development, continue to affect the human war.
weapons from the beginning divided into two categories: bayonet fighting style and throwing style. prehistoric humans used sticks bayonet fighting style is the most primitive weapons, the first throwing type weapons toward the enemy or prey of human stones.
from prehistoric times, humans will be made from the skins of small and smooth catapults to throw stones, This is throwing with his arm strength than the more simple, more distant. This device also uses clay throwing projectiles fired, and later by Lead projectile. in Pompeii and other ancient sites have been found in the shape of the projectile acorn kind. living in the Balearic Islands have a special hand-stoning stoning superb technology. They are usually equipped with three types of catapults were used far, the close-throwing. David (1040 BC - 970 years before, the king of Israel) is killed Goliath with a sling [Translator's Note: According to the gradually replaced by stone-throwing throwing sharp sticks, and later evolved into spears, javelin, and a curved hardwood dart. Homer Warriors everyone bring two javelin. fighting the enemy first javelin, and then use the sword of the bayonet charge. compatible with the javelin sprint-type weapons are heavy spears or spears. in many ancient societies, is fighting fierce spears tag, but also the sacred symbol of monarchical power. In Roman Mars (Mars) and the Greek Temple various churches, the spears are adored by people of the sacred.
ordinary Greek spears six to nine feet in length. but because it is hand made, so this is actually shapes and varying lengths. spears and long Jiabing spear is the standard weapon of ancient Greece. This Jiabing equipped with heavy weapons and armor, ancient Greek battle formation is the basic membership mm square.
in the Stone Age, the sticks and a wide variety of weapons. in which the North American Indians Tomahawk-type axes are used in weapons. If you stick a sharp knife cut out to become the prototype of the sword. With the development of metallurgical technology, it is a hard, resilient smelting metal, to create a long, thin blade sword. bronze is the earliest human use of the metal. As in nature there is a natural bronze, it is difficult to say when the man began producing the first bronze. the use of bronze tools, the Greek island of Crete began in 3000 BC time, while Egypt and Mesopotamia began in 2800 BC, Troy began in 2000 BC. about 2,500 years ago in BC's Indian River and China after centuries there have been similar to the Yellow River Basin technology development. As bronze with strong, flexible and wear-resistant properties, so it is appropriate to be used to produce very sharp and knife-edge sharp weapons.
After centuries of development, metal craftsmen technology increasing, the invention of Many new production and casting techniques, produced not only the shape of the sword has been improved, and more durable. bronze sword pointed at first, the sword blade is larger than the first, it seems that both for the assassination (similar to the duel with light sword), but also for hacking (like Sabre), because the soft texture of bronze, it is mainly used for originally bronze sword kill.
iron tools first appeared about 1500 BC. About a century later living in the mountains of Armenia, Charles Lai Bisi tribes learned to put the charcoal heated iron, and then quenched, and then heating, hammering, and through processing turns, become very hard to iron. during the course of processing , due to the surface occasionally to dissolve the iron carbon particles, which made the original steel. BC 1,200 years ago, the new metallurgical technology has been widely throughout the eastern Mediterranean, used.
Although the original iron The cost is very expensive and production is limited, however, found that, after all, to the ancient iron weapons and war brought a huge impact. to 1200 BC, the sharp sword began in Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt and other regions appeared. As This metal is hard and difficult to break, so the sword has changed shape.
to 1000 BC, when the sword is divided into two main types. One is shaped like a saber sword for the Blade, which No species of the sword tip, then Gaul and Celtic is the sword used. Another short sword, much like a two-edged dagger, is worn in ancient Greece Jiabing weapons. This is about a sword blade 16-18 inches wide and 2 to 2.5 inches, 4-5 inches long hilt. It is slightly longer than it was slightly wider Roman dagger prototype. mm Roman sword, although the former is still a hacking and the assassination of weapons, but mainly for hacking.
metal also led to the use of weapons of body armor developed with the rise of the manufacturing sector. The original of the most important human invention of body with a shield. At first it is only a animal skins, almost always with the left hand or get in the left arm, so that the right hand to manage weapons can be freed up. Later, people often hides wrapped in a simple wooden frame, made of a shield. but some of the ancient shield is made entirely of wood. in Asia is the wicker shields used. to protect the head, torso and legs of body is made of animal hide with the original, wicker, lined with cloth cover or wood, litter and other material .
Although the metal has been used in the manufacture of weapons, but the leather is still the most fundamental and most commonly used system of shield material. Of course, sometimes with a metal shield to enhance the fastness. hammer metal armor and helmets require a high technology and time-consuming work, but with scales made of small pieces of wrought iron is more expensive, and practical. ancient oriental land of Assyria, thanks to new metal weapons manufacturing technology, They have a long iron in his hand cut sword, wearing out the leather stitched in the armor of iron scales. Since the emergence of iron, casual Greek Jiabing the spears on the iron tip, the sword worn around the waist is also made of iron, and their armor, shields and helmets are bronze. Roman Legion soldiers breastplate, leather Shangzhui to overlap in bronze or iron tablets made of.
bow came in the late Stone Age. before the invention of black powder, it has been soldiers in the hands of projective weapons base. In the beginning of recorded human history, when the Middle East, India and China have long to use it. from the ancient until the sixteenth century AD, this time, the bow is always the most important Chinese military mobile weapon . reinstall the archers in both lightly armed archers have the Assyrian army, the bow is also the main weapons. of ancient Greece, Macedonia, the ancient Jews and the Roman army, although the bow is also very important, but only a supplementary weapons.
Indian arch length is 4 to 5 feet of the time in 2200 has maintained basically the same. Bamboo is the production of materials used, but also try some other materials including metals, including. arrows length of 2 to 3 feet, made of bamboo or rattan, usually metal arrow. archers generally do not take the shield, a shield from the front row of the Javelin to protect. In India, both soldiers are archers or javelin equipped with a long and broad sword cut.
order to effectively use the bow, the soldiers must be constantly repeated technical training, it is also suitable for operational needs of the open terrain. Therefore, it has become a kind of expertise weapons in the hands of soldiers. such as the Assyrian archers of Crete and later hire archers (Macedonia and they were praised by the ancient Romans), and the nomadic hunters use such weapons.
is an early bow kinds of mixed production of materials depends on what materials can be craftsmen. This horn bow was to be the whole of Asia and some standard weapons used by the Europeans. Until now, some remote areas on Earth are still using it.
mixed wood bow is made of layers of different materials. in the history of most of the era, this bow is usually made of a flat wooden board of the central skeleton of the bow, the archer in front of a layer of pressure on the side of the split horn material; the other side of the bow frame coupled with a layer of animal tendons. the majority of mixed wood bow is reflective, loose bow when the bow with the bow string bending direction of the bending direction when tension is just the opposite. mixed with wood bow length is generally less than 4 feet, while the Turkish and Mongolian bow bow in more than 5 feet.
a wide range of angular bow, its firing range and penetration also vary. such as Turkey horn bow shooting distance of 300 yards or more, to wear through force is quite large. However, until about the 16th century, the Turkish bow before being improved through mail. to the upper corner of the bow with the cavalry, it was the power has been greatly improved, so that the military maneuver and weapons of mass destruction have been formidable combination.
ancient chariot was a small carriage, the horse or horses pulling Phi horses with armor. It is a very ancient time up to the development of . Back in the Trojan war (about 1200 BC), chariot archers and spears to soldiers as a mobile platform to use. In ancient Greece before the end, the warrior is mainly used to transport tanks to the battlefield, warrior off after fighting with the enemy knives. in India and China, the chariot of the body was largely used for kings and nobles of the mobile command post. car also contains a drum messenger, horseman, and one or more archers. Over time, the majority of tank armies in Asia becoming the main assault weapon, to hit the enemy troops or soldiers rolled. As in the axles and wheels coat hook on a long-handled knives and other large sword weapons, vehicles also put a shield around the armor and other protective gear different, thus greatly improving the tank's attack power. The Bible has recorded that the Hebrews from Egypt to escape the fear of people, especially the chariot of Pharaoh in Egypt . Assyrian war chariot that time and later historians have left a very deep impression.
However, the horses pulling chariots used by the enemy vulnerable to attack, and there must be flat, open terrain function effectively, so its use is limited. Nevertheless, as long as a suitable aircraft for the right time and place of tanks in combat, has repeatedly won victories.
cavalry first appeared in AD about 1,000 years ago, composed by the inferior nobility. they have enough wealth to afford better armor and weapons, still has a lot of horses. However, most of the elite commando in the army still retains a battle fleet, to transport a large aristocratic or royal family members rushed to the battlefield.
in India is difficult because the relationship between the climate of fine-bred horses, and the best animals and are used for horse-drawn chariot, which is rarely the ancient Indian cavalry reasons. Thus, in about 600 BC, when India began to fight with elephants. megafauna composition of this force is often the sudden appearance of the enemy panic. However, the actual combat that it can play a big deal psychological deterrent. When the elephants caused terror calm down, trained troops would find an effective means to deal with the elephant. These animals are easily scattered scurry about, but will his team into confusion. To Therefore, fighting as soldiers driving an elephant stampede when the tip of iron piercing it with a head. In India Tiejian and burning with a heavy rocket fire elephant. Greece, some genius has used the Unknown Soldier anti-tank minefields and now a similar way, the iron pickets chain buried in the right place to cut through the soft, thick-skinned animals, the elephant's feet.
Despite the limitations of an elephant fighting a lot, and easy was wounded, but the enemy never dared to be taken lightly, and thus gradually expanded the use of elephants to the Near East and North Africa. Second Punic War, the ancient Romans had forced the Carthaginians to accept the peace talks, fighting in the prohibited provisions use of an elephant. It can be said that this is the history of mankind's earliest written record of an arms limitation.
the composition of the army in ancient times, the use of weapons and tactical utilization, whether the flexibility is very important. was The army usually a large number of infantry armed with spear and shield components, in addition to throwing type weapons equipped with stoning soldiers and archers, this constitutes the entire army infantry, a strong base. which makes equipment to better combat team, Cavalry and War Elephants can be carried out smoothly in its operational activities around.
against the time when the armed forces, large spears hands together in front of a dense lightly armed soldiers, archers and catapults, and then riding in the front and side immediately or take the chariot of the noble ranks. close to each other when the two armies, soldiers, archers and catapults continuous harassment of the project on the enemy position until the enemy tank or cavalry assault was launched. Then, lightly armed infantry troops through the re- the gap between the flank and back toward camp. In addition to the battle as Megiddo Thutmose warfare, as the few exceptions, the movement of troops and the line moves the camera only, not pre-planned arrangements. Typically, the melee bite each other with both sides, stepping on the ground more and more dead and wounded, when facing the front, sometimes back. Sometimes one chariot and cavalry charge in initiating collapse scared when the other side, then the battle to become the pursuit of one party against another.
since the beginning of recorded human history, since the military tactics, the military establishment and military doctrine, not only by the weapons of constantly updated, more importantly, is subject to how to use military force, how to use weapons of new ideas and concepts of. reasonable and creative use of existing weapons ideas, greatly promoted the development of the military.
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Assyrian war machine from the Assyrian military adopted a new organizational structure, we can understand the specific circumstances of the war machine. around 700 BC, the Assyrian king Ti Gela. Pa Lhasa III abandoned the then militia throughout the country established a standing regular army. Of course, the state must grant to the pay of soldiers, while the army and most likely to be maintained by the external expansion. Therefore, the priority for change in this country become engaged in the war. It depends on the booty and the earliest human history, a real military system to maintain its financial resources and a prosperous future. They spared no effort to maintain the army's high efficiency. rely on the army, Ti Gela. Pa Lasa extended militaristic empire, the Assyrian kings established boundaries.
there are signs that the world's first fully understand the performance of iron than copper is a good Assyrian. they all are equipped with iron weapons troops, tanks and armor . because of their continuous, systematic improvement of weapons and trained soldier, to make them proficient in the use of weapons, therefore, the Assyrian army maintained a long-term military technological superiority.
the main by the Assyrian army a lot of spears forces. They move slowly and quite heavy, but with the same infantry was compared to other countries, technology quite well, mobility is also relatively strong. In a typical operational plan Assyrian, the climax stage has is the irresistible trend initiated by the enemy assault.
Archers Assyrian army than the enemy more closely organized, more powerful bow, and are able to launch a high hit rate of iron arrows. they are often shooting the enemy team floundered, so, for the chariots and horsemen in close collaboration, to create the conditions for assault.
Assyrian army was the main offensive force fighting team of horses pulling the wheel. Its mission is the enemy infantry team rush out a way forward. with the then armed forces of other countries, like the Assyrians used chariots powerful and ferocious form of combat power of the mighty battle fleet, and archers, spears and cavalry soldiers in close combat with the .
cavalry in the smallest share of the Assyrian army, but the most stringent technical training, and equipment is best. Those noble soldiers were riding went to the battlefield. to the battlefield, some people dismount on foot combat, and some sat war combat vehicles, but many people are fighting on horseback with the enemy's. cavalry more stringent than other branches of the military discipline, technology is more skilled and more flexible. combat maneuvering can only only use the cavalry.
Assyrian army to the complex terrain in a variety of operational conditions, which clearly shows the preparation of its organization is clever. Assyrian army preparation it was not more clear. However, it may sometimes be close to the field army Five thousand troops. a such a large army to be able to fight in the desert and mountain, there must be a large supply of baggage protection of military forces, but also have a high performance organization and logistics operations officer, supply system, only to give full play to its combat power.
terrorist tactics is another important Assyrian military means to win. At that time, most countries of the army known to vicious cruelty, the Assyrians adopted it is this policy of terror mm may be regarded as a psychological warfare in human history, the first instance. After their capture of a city, often young and old loquat annihilation, or to imprison all the people, their murderous cruelty to the implementation of the policy of terror Practice has proved that the safety of the Assyrian army played a huge role.
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sea around the beginning of the Assyrian
standing army at the same time to develop Phoenicians seem to have started the first dedicated naval warships. living in the Mediterranean and the Aegean coast to sailing for a living have long used the vessel for military purposes. However, there were only limited to the merchant for the delivery of troops and supplies. These sails and oars with a short, wide boat is basically used to support land forces. Phoenicians created new warships are sailing with the propeller. compared with the typical merchant than, its hull longer, narrower, faster.
Greeks, especially Athenians sailing on the Phoenician design was further improved. and to have the Navy was on land or at sea fighting the most skilled and most sophisticated technology. Athens is a three-tiered paddle boat hull is long, narrow and shallow and warships, the ship because of its oars arranged in three groups on each side and therefore have the ship name. In order to improve the ship's speed, power and mobility, they hesitate to reduce the ship's seaworthiness, comfort, cargo capacity, and maximum range. The two mast ship sailing installed as auxiliary power paddle, but in combat Only when the paddle-driven, the number of hands from the paddle 75 added more than 150 people.
three major combat paddle boat at the waterline at the prominent part of it is about ten feet at the bow of the ship hit the angle of the metal. If the collision angle inserted into the enemy ship's side, will inevitably lead to a fatal wound. However, most Greeks would rather take the old tactics, that is zoned to the next enemy ships, and then forced to board the ship to attack the enemy, so they are often loaded on board the boarding troops.
Athens Navy is relying on the superb seamanship, ship's speed and mobility to win. If there is no opportunity to direct the nearest warship Athens enemy broadside impact, then it suddenly beside the enemy ships turn, and paddle off at the last minute to put the boat, go hit that panic-stricken enemy ships, enemy ships powerless when only nest like a duck, let Athens warships hit the angle with the collision. < br> We should never underestimate the ancient Phoenicians and the Carthage and Syracuse Sri Lanka's At that time the world has always been to follow the typical Navy. Of course, they did not copy from, made many improvements. For example, the number of blade increases and decreases, paddle position is also different, longer hull becomes more shallow board increase of combat weapons turret placement, the use of being able to grapple enemy ships and capture enemy ships Naogou Garden Bridge. In the period of about two thousand years, the long, shallow mast warship is always the key for the Western world ship type. bump and jump to help has also been the basic tactical naval combat. until the fifth century AD, Portugal, Spain and the UK Navy out of the Mediterranean, to leave the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean began to overseas expansion and conquest This situation changed only.
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operational thinking in Ancient Assyrian
Based on our understanding of the situation in the war, combined with wheat Guido scattered information on this early war records, ancient military commanders can see we already have so-called operational doctrine and tactics like a very clever military thinking. And the king of ancient empires and the Pharaoh will have some obscure the concept of military strategy. but we know very little about this, it can only make some speculate Bale.
Clearly, then, we must already have the so-called operational doctrines.
I have on other occasions [Note : See the historical analysis and research organizations, an organic system, used to dominate combat the various components of the armed forces, and to ensure consistent and coordinated use of these components. rules may be created from the combat experience or military theory, can also be a combination of both. It represents the use of troops The best guidelines and rely on reason to ensure its implementation. doctrine is actually a complete set of operational methods, only the military knows it all sectors, understand it and follow it, can really play its role ;.
regulations to be implemented through tactics. I may be defined as a tactical dispersion of forces to be deployed and the clever use of scheduling in order to achieve the stated purpose of fighting the technology.
Although the written records of the existing , the few detailed description of the ancient war, but rely on our known conditions, testifying to the ancient (well before 500 BC) of the original military leaders have developed the operational doctrine, good tactical use of forces and weapons use. they can organize and deploy forces very well, so in a dominant position, to send all types of combat soldiers to accomplish a specific task. they have been well aware of the advantages of surprise attack, know how to use the typical method of mobile operations (until the modern still continue to use), the most important thing is surrounded by the method of mobility. In addition, they can make good use of projective weapons. The role of projective weapons from the weapons far beyond the fighting knives, which can cause the enemy the ranks of serious confusion. If a good match with the assault charge, can give full play to its effectiveness.
ancient war there is a notable feature is the device to the Shi Zhanbing leave enough space, and major in the army aside a certain part of the distance between each soldier to account for an average of one square meter location. an army of five thousand of the Assyrians, including infantry, forty thousand thousand, and compiled into the dense depth of 20 formation, cavalry and war fleet of about 5 rows deep, the formation unit is roughly equivalent to the interval between the location of the area they occupy a total area of less than a quarter square kilometers, which means that the width of about two thousand five hundred meters, depth of about one hundred meters.
. phalanx and spear (BC 500 - 200 years ago)
matrix (composed of soldiers from the infantry spears intensive force), as early as 3000 BC Samui Maria when a combat formation. In Greece, perhaps from the seventh century BC, began the battle by a square. In addition to the north of Thessaly and Macedonia and other areas of relatively flat, the mountainous Greece is not suitable for cavalry maneuvers. Therefore, in general, the Greek cavalry does not attach great importance to the arms, and focus on continuous improvement through relying on the combat infantry phalanx.
very strict discipline and heavy infantry units, arranged in a long battle cross-team depth ranging from 8 to 12 rows. trained and disciplined soldiers of ancient Greece every square mm Jiabing, through sport and frequent combat, trained to have a robust physique. Their main weapon is spears, its length is usually 6-9 feet. They wear helmets, chest armor hanging, wrapped Gaiters (knee to protect the leg between the ankle section), handheld buckler, often stuck in waist or hung a short sword. war, the previous 2 to 3 rows Jiabing the spear against the enemy, behind the row of the spear in the Qianyi Pai soldiers stand shoulder to form a barrier to ward off enemy arrows from the air.
square and its various component units combat formation may be a limited movement. phalanx often at the start and close to the long left the narrow interval between the horizontal force for light infantry in combat when needed walk through. combatants usually agreed upon by both parties , in the most flat ground to. because troops in rugged terrain caused by head and tail out of line games, which is very unfavorable to the formation of convergence.
Jiabing by the ancient Greek city-states formed in the upper Freeman. light infantry both in equipment and training to develop on or in the discipline in general are not as good Jiabing, mostly from lower classes of society. Many light infantry, special forces in particular, equipped with the device and a skilled soldiers, archers and catapults were hired Army. They shared with the less powerful cavalry advancing phalanx responsible for protecting the flank. the fighting began, they formed a skirmish in the square in front of screen protection forces.
Greek Jiabing addition to rigorous training, with exceptionally strong body, also has advantages and disadvantages of independent city-states freemen. They clever and intelligent, literate literacy, therefore, quite a point of arrogance. even though they clearly accepted in the discipline built on the basis of a tactical system and order, but still not quite convinced that a strict system of organization.
to the fifth century BC, due to the spread of Greek civilization and culture, the original is still in the savage state of Macedonia was entirely Greek. But Macedonian military development is unique. before the fifth century BC and the early fourth century, the king of Macedonia has established a fairly large-scale infantry. but it mainly depends on the military strength of the Kingdom of the aristocratic cavalry. When Philip II ascended the throne time (359 BC), he completely reorganized the Macedonian army. He side reforms cavalry, the infantry side of the building and special attention. the army of King Philip of Macedonia, a local full-time by the soldiers, and not provoke the armed forces from other Greek mercenaries, who come from Macedonia, the recruitment of farmers, according to origin regions even in the woven side team, so they have a spirit of solidarity, which at that time is very valuable. Philip Wang also take all possible measures so that the army loyal to him.
restructured, the Macedonian army into a world at that time the most sophisticated units. This is a close unity of the army, it will combat the superb skills of the Greek mercenaries Greek citizens with the soldiers patriotism and dedication to form a whole. By and weapons capabilities and limitations of a thorough analysis, in human history, the first time there has been such a clear military thinking, that is, through science ...
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
If you do not been hurt, would not be so understood
Beginning of the beginning is always sweet. Then there is the boredom, habit, abandonment, loneliness, despair and sneer. Who want to stay together with a person, then, how glad that they left? Long ago in a short period of time where We thought he was a man deeply in love.
Later, we learned that it was not love, it is just lying to yourself. Do you think people can not lose, not lose the original. you your tears, self- have another person make you laugh. you heartbroken, and then find people who do not love you, not worthy of your sadness. I look back, is this not a comedy? love to do the time, a brand new realm, all sorrow is nothing but history. love always imagined more beautiful than reality meet, and if so, goodbye is the same. We think that love is very deep, very deep, one day, will let you know, it just is very shallow, very shallow. deepest The most important of love must grow up with. because of love, two strangers can suddenly abnormal conversational. However, the same two people, in breaking up, say, I think you are getting strange. Love the two individuals from the unfamiliar becomes familiar, but also by the familiar becomes unfamiliar
love always knew it expires. some day, we put it out before we know it is the most vivid of the days are never over. in the best sense , she did not stop, then do not have to finish the period of road together, go back to find those scattered on the ground feel, the road has run its course. Love is the most sad moment later the cold, once a loved you, suddenly very far away from you, right close by, but it is End of the World. has caused a sensation, has thousands of back and turns, once complacent, once cut, including. to the last, sad break-up turned out to be the most silent. There meet there parting, but everyone is afraid to leave. we all know, the last parting was death. We mouth said, a song, sing a song. Can you not go?
Later, we learned that it was not love, it is just lying to yourself. Do you think people can not lose, not lose the original. you your tears, self- have another person make you laugh. you heartbroken, and then find people who do not love you, not worthy of your sadness. I look back, is this not a comedy? love to do the time, a brand new realm, all sorrow is nothing but history. love always imagined more beautiful than reality meet, and if so, goodbye is the same. We think that love is very deep, very deep, one day, will let you know, it just is very shallow, very shallow. deepest The most important of love must grow up with. because of love, two strangers can suddenly abnormal conversational. However, the same two people, in breaking up, say, I think you are getting strange. Love the two individuals from the unfamiliar becomes familiar, but also by the familiar becomes unfamiliar
love always knew it expires. some day, we put it out before we know it is the most vivid of the days are never over. in the best sense , she did not stop, then do not have to finish the period of road together, go back to find those scattered on the ground feel, the road has run its course. Love is the most sad moment later the cold, once a loved you, suddenly very far away from you, right close by, but it is End of the World. has caused a sensation, has thousands of back and turns, once complacent, once cut, including. to the last, sad break-up turned out to be the most silent. There meet there parting, but everyone is afraid to leave. we all know, the last parting was death. We mouth said, a song, sing a song. Can you not go?
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Pain in the left forearm as the main performance limitation is not a case of typical angina
Key words without the limitations of typical angina pain in the left forearm with severe anemia
ECG diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in elderly Abstract high incidence of atypical angina, clinical manifestations are diverse, but to the left recurrent forearm pain as the main performance limitations and lack of chest pain of angina is rare. now a case reported as follows.
1 clinical data
male patients, aged 73. because of thirst, hunger and urination associated with more than 30 years, adding to 3 d, on October 12, 2001 as given appropriate treatment .2002 May 30 to February 2, 2003 more than 8 months time recurrent palpitations about 17 times, 6 of which took place at 0:00 to 3:00, after voiding, a second place at lunch time, no other obvious causes. In addition to heart palpitations, but sometimes accompanied by chest, shortness of breath, fatigue or sweating, the most prominent is the Jieyou limitations of the left forearm soreness, pain can range from discomfort to pain. cardiac auscultation and fast-type electrocardiogram confirmed atrial fibrillation, ST T changes. by oxygen, bed rest, nitroglycerin, intramuscular injection of papaverine, meperidine, stability, such as intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin relieve pain, sedation, oral calm rhythm legal and other treatment, symptoms more than 30 min within a few minutes to ease, atrial fibrillation, sustained a few minutes to 4 d months. After that, occasional episodes of left arm pain without obvious predisposing factors, to a lesser extent, attacks were repeated tracings sinus rhythm are ECG, ST segment and T wave changes is not obvious, since more than 10 tablets containing Suxiaojiuxin Pill few minutes to more than 10 minutes to ease .2004 November 8 from left forearm pain and limitations of reproduction, onset time irregular, quiet or active state has occurred, attack frequency, intensity increase, duration was significantly longer, up to 1 h or so. pain attack, ECG showed ST segment: ��, ��, aVL, V3 lead down 0.05 mV , V4 ~ V6 horizontal type down 0.2 mV, T wave: I, aVL lead shallow inversion, ST segment after the relief of symptoms could be recovered to the equipotential lines, T waves became upright or low and even. many times during the examination of myocardial blood zymography were normal, troponin �� was a transient increase, up to 1.79 ng / ml, hemoglobin from the admission of 108.0 g / L down to November 9, 2004 of 68.0 g / L (minimum 56.0 g / L). give oxygen, expansion of coronary artery, pain, supplementary folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, application erythropoietin, intravenous transfusion of packed red blood cell suspension and other treatment, with the correction of anemia, hemoglobin rose to 70.0 g / L or more (November 22, 2004) after the disappearance of left forearm pain. the final diagnosis: anemia, acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.
2 discussions
In this case a rapid atrial fibrillation and severe anemia as an incentive to attack the left forearm soreness of the main clinical manifestations, combined with patient age, there is hypertension, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that: For the elderly, especially past have diabetes, hypertension and other risk factors of coronary heart disease who, when there is chest, precordial pain on any part other than the associated diseases with difficult interpretation, should be taken into account
ECG diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in elderly Abstract high incidence of atypical angina, clinical manifestations are diverse, but to the left recurrent forearm pain as the main performance limitations and lack of chest pain of angina is rare. now a case reported as follows.
1 clinical data
male patients, aged 73. because of thirst, hunger and urination associated with more than 30 years, adding to 3 d, on October 12, 2001 as given appropriate treatment .2002 May 30 to February 2, 2003 more than 8 months time recurrent palpitations about 17 times, 6 of which took place at 0:00 to 3:00, after voiding, a second place at lunch time, no other obvious causes. In addition to heart palpitations, but sometimes accompanied by chest, shortness of breath, fatigue or sweating, the most prominent is the Jieyou limitations of the left forearm soreness, pain can range from discomfort to pain. cardiac auscultation and fast-type electrocardiogram confirmed atrial fibrillation, ST T changes. by oxygen, bed rest, nitroglycerin, intramuscular injection of papaverine, meperidine, stability, such as intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin relieve pain, sedation, oral calm rhythm legal and other treatment, symptoms more than 30 min within a few minutes to ease, atrial fibrillation, sustained a few minutes to 4 d months. After that, occasional episodes of left arm pain without obvious predisposing factors, to a lesser extent, attacks were repeated tracings sinus rhythm are ECG, ST segment and T wave changes is not obvious, since more than 10 tablets containing Suxiaojiuxin Pill few minutes to more than 10 minutes to ease .2004 November 8 from left forearm pain and limitations of reproduction, onset time irregular, quiet or active state has occurred, attack frequency, intensity increase, duration was significantly longer, up to 1 h or so. pain attack, ECG showed ST segment: ��, ��, aVL, V3 lead down 0.05 mV , V4 ~ V6 horizontal type down 0.2 mV, T wave: I, aVL lead shallow inversion, ST segment after the relief of symptoms could be recovered to the equipotential lines, T waves became upright or low and even. many times during the examination of myocardial blood zymography were normal, troponin �� was a transient increase, up to 1.79 ng / ml, hemoglobin from the admission of 108.0 g / L down to November 9, 2004 of 68.0 g / L (minimum 56.0 g / L). give oxygen, expansion of coronary artery, pain, supplementary folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, application erythropoietin, intravenous transfusion of packed red blood cell suspension and other treatment, with the correction of anemia, hemoglobin rose to 70.0 g / L or more (November 22, 2004) after the disappearance of left forearm pain. the final diagnosis: anemia, acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.
2 discussions
In this case a rapid atrial fibrillation and severe anemia as an incentive to attack the left forearm soreness of the main clinical manifestations, combined with patient age, there is hypertension, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that: For the elderly, especially past have diabetes, hypertension and other risk factors of coronary heart disease who, when there is chest, precordial pain on any part other than the associated diseases with difficult interpretation, should be taken into account
Monday, February 21, 2011
These differences are determined by those factors do
Human skin color vary. Different races have different skin color. The same race in different shades of skin color is not the same individual, even the same individual, different parts of the skin there are differences.
---- These differences is Those factors determine it? Hospital ---- Vitiligo Vitiligo Vitiligo skin color under normal conditions is mainly determined by two factors:
----( 1) skin pigment contents:
---- 4 biological skin pigment melanin is brown, red, oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin blue and yellow carotene. carotene can not be synthesized by the body's own needs from the diet, said exogenous pigment, and the remaining 3 synthesized by the body itself, said endogenous pigment.
---- were from outside to inside the skin epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous fat layer). the 4 kinds of biological pigments in different parts of the skin, melanin distributed in the epidermal keratinocytes, the carotenoids found in the stratum corneum and the subcutaneous fat layer, hemoglobin is distributed in the dermis. (Figure 1-1)
- - of which melanin is the main determinant of skin color. melanocytes mainly depends on the amount of melanocyte tyrosinase activity in the strength, the stronger the activity of tyrosinase, the amount to the synthesis of melanin more.
----( 2) differences in skin anatomy:
---- mainly refers to the terms of the thickness of the skin. light in the scattering of the skin of varying thickness, the skin color change. skin blood vessels as the number, the amount of blood flow, and whether there telangiectasia also affect skin color.
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2. What is the formation of melanin and metabolism? It is what features?
---- the surface of the skin by the two types of cells. One is the keratinocytes and keratinocytes, in its evolution to the skin cells can generally be divided into four : basal layer, spinous cells layer, granular layer and stratum corneum (in the palm of your hand and paw, the stratum corneum and the granular layer there between the transparent layer); the other is the dendritic cell.
---- Black melanocytes is a dendritic cell. It embedded in the epidermal basal cells, with an average of every 10 cells in a basal melanocytes, it is a highly differentiated cell, the cytoplasm has a special organelles called melanosomes. melanocyte melanin is synthesized in the body.
---- melanin is a polymer of biological pigments. The formation process is as follows: in the melanocytes in vivo, the tyrosine enzyme in the tyrosine and the formation of dopa, dopa quinone dehydrogenase to form dopa, and re-arranged in 5,6 - quinone indole, aggregated melanosomes in vivo with the combination of the structural proteins that form the black melanin protein Su.
---- melanocytes to the epidermis layers of cells distribution is to determine the skin color of the main factors. melanocytes more undoubtedly to prevent ultraviolet damage to skin the main barrier. melanin can protect the important folic acid and similar material from the decomposition of light. In addition, melanin is a stable free radical, may participate in a number of redox reactions in the body.
3. The formation of melanin which factors affected?
--- - In the process of melanin formation plays a crucial role of tyrosinase, which is a copper-bearing aerobic activity, who can affect the activity of tyrosinase factors affect the formation of melanin. which is more clearly and important factors are the following:
---- (1) genetic factors: The most important factor.
---- (2) endocrine factors: multiple endocrine factors can affect the black pigment formation.
---- (3) Neural factors: nerve impulses on the formation of melanin also have some impact. Some animals (such as certain fish, frogs, lizards, etc.) has confirmed that rapid changes in skin color and nerve control of the.
---- (4) mercapto factors: thiol biochemical reactions in the melanogenesis is an inhibitor of.
---- (5) trace: trace element metabolism in the black enzyme plays a major role in promoting, in particular copper ions, the higher its content, the stronger the activity of tyrosinase, melanin synthesis of the more.
---- (6) amino acids and vitamins : Animal experiments show that tyrosine, tryptophan and lysine in the formation of melanin is required. pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, on the ammonia acid, also can participate in the formation of melanin. but note that vitamin C as a reducing agent, make color fades, and less.
---- (7) UV: Ultraviolet radiation in the glutathione content of the skin by reducing the activation of tyrosinase activity, and finally to black increase in prime form.
4. melanocyte skin barriers What?
---- black skin disease is the prime obstacle to melanocytes and melanin quantity and quality differences, or functional disorders skin diseases caused by.
---- (1) Class hyperpigmentation (dark spots of): is hyperpigmentation of the skin contains more melanin. black pigmentation in the skin, the skin layers due to the depth at different, it will cause visual differences, such as melasma.
---- (2) reduce pigment class (white of): The decrease of the skin pigment melanin contained less than the normal white or color color is light (white light). skin was completely white, who often lack the melanocytes, or melanin metabolic process of a part of the defect, so that the black pigment melanin formation ability of cells affected, mostly hereditary, diseases such as vitiligo and albinism.
---- Vitiligo and skin beauty is closely related to, will cause serious psychological burden of patients and great mental pressure, and even affect people's normal life, work and study.
5. What causes vitiligo?
---- 1, .2 genetic factors, immune factors .3 .4 neuropsychiatric factors, factors influencing the destruction of melanocytes .5 trace elements and their radical changes. < br >---- several aspects of the above scholars have put forward different theories, known as genetics, immune abnormalities theory, neurochemistry factor theory of self-destruction of the melanin theory, trace element and radical changes in doctrine and so on. but each a theory can not fully explain vitiligo, but not mutually exclusive, it could be a combination of many factors.
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6. vitiligo hereditary you?
--- - Many studies have noted a number of vitiligo have a family history and family aggregation, and gradually formed a genetics of vitiligo can be said of genetic factors on the incidence of vitiligo has a certain role.
7. How to treat vitiligo?
---- Vitiligo occurs in face and other exposed, the disease clearly marked, noticeable, especially in underdeveloped areas of science and culture often criticized by some people, and even discriminated against in society, coupled with the treatment of vitiligo difficult, if patients suffering from vitiligo will cause great mental pain, many patients with end sleepless nights, depression and even suicidal thoughts. The recovery of the disease is detrimental. In addition, vitiligo is a chronic disease, treatment must have patience, impatience should not have, in fact, most patients through the correct treatment of the disease can be controlled, and with varying degrees of efficacy, is still very large chance of cure.
8. Why to timely treatment of vitiligo?
---- Vitiligo course of varying lengths, often in the exposure, trauma, acute illness or surgery, the rapid spread under severe stress. Progress can be slow or intermittent development, but also long-term stability remain unchanged, although now off to see the individual pigment patch small spontaneous regression of the patients, but more is to see a white tend to expand, increase, develop into a pan-hair, so that vitiligo is a chronic nature disease and therefore requires the discovery of vitiligo patients with vitiligo after timely treatment for early control of the disease.
9. Why should adhere to the treatment of vitiligo?
---- number of vitiligo patients, especially those longer course, stable disease, skin lesions in patients with non-exposed parts of their spot in the winter since that will not stop the development of the treatment, in fact, this is their kind of illusion. in winter because of less exposure by the Yang Guan, normal skin color will fade , and the white of the color reduction, improved easily mistaken for white; to the spring and early summer, the sun strong, the chance of receiving more sunlight, and with normal skin color deepened, and the color white is also added big, hot days combined with a small dressing, easy to make clothes sheltered spot originally exposed, which in turn is easily mistaken for exacerbations. Therefore, winter casual interruption of treatment approach is not hate appropriate. not only delay the damage recovery of melanoma cells, but also may cause the spot into a full-type, so the more the more white, increasing the difficulty of treatment. the correct approach is to treat not subject to seasonal factors, both seasons are a result of the treatment, and because of the perseverance, not free to terminate treatment or to abandon the treatment.
10, what is vitiligo? how its incidence?
---- Vitiligo is a common multiple of the acquired pigmented skin, showed limited or generalized pigment loss. is generally believed that the disease was mainly due to the skin and hair follicles caused by melanin depigmentation.
---- but in recent years some studies have shown that vitiligo is not just skin depigmentation disease, other parts of the body such as eyes, ears pigment cells could change, combined with the existence of the disease changes in immunological abnormalities, indicating that vitiligo is a skin pigment-based violations, but also may invade the body pigment cells of other systemic diseases.
---- Vitiligo is a common disease. It's incidence rate in the world 0.5% m4%. in the pathogenesis of age, vitiligo can occur at any age, but for many young adults. 95% of patients recorded before the age of onset 40, age of onset account for about one 11m30 60% of the total number of patients.
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11, clinical symptoms vitiligo what?
---- Vitiligo is an acquired skin damage occurs, the typical damage is scattered, or the realm of clear white patches. leukoplakia can was gray, white or milky white porcelain, of various shapes can be round, fan-shaped, line-shaped or irregular shaped, jagged edges from mild to quite clear, from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter or even tens of centimeters, the surface generally smooth, without shrinking or scaling and other changes.
- - When the initial issuance of the white pigment faded mostly pale spots, one or a few pieces, pigment is not completely disappear, it is unclear demarcation with normal skin, and some when the disease began to decline as the point-like pigment spots.
---- expansion of the progressive development of skin lesions can be integrated with each other, stable spot to stop development, resulting in complete depigmentation of the white pigment spots, and its borders become more clear, and white pigmentation often better edge. leukoplakia of the number of variable. its distribution area vary in size or number can be a focal piece for the small area of skin lesions, but also extensive involvement of almost the whole body while the remaining part of the normal skin.
---- The disease of the skin in any part of the body happen, but vulnerable to sunlight occurs in the sun and other parts of the friction damage, especially facial (such as eyebrows, eyebrows inside of the cheek inside the bridge of the nose associated with the site, and the upper front of the ear, the forehead hairline and the vermilion border), neck, waist and abdomen (waist belt Department), President chest, sacral, forearm and hand back the other side of the stretch. torso perineum also involved. leukoplakia most symmetrical distribution. The disease usually no symptoms . depigmentation lesions of the limitations of spot, white, rounded, oval or irregular in shape, white spot at the hair can also be white, white hair is often refractory to extensive signs. some cases, when the onset of mixed with the proliferation of hair follicles of pigmented spots.
---- premature gray hair is considered a harbinger of occurrence of vitiligo.
12, how to diagnose vitiligo?
---- Vitiligo under typical The clinical manifestations generally can be diagnosed, patients often symmetrical limbs occurred, back and facial depigmentation. If the simultaneous observation of the lips, buccal mucosa, palms and soles, and scalp depigmentation spots will further support the diagnosis.
---- filtration ultraviolet examination (Wood lamp examination) can be used as auxiliary diagnostic methods. for unilateral asymmetry in the diagnosis of segmental vitiligo usually more easily, the patient usually presents the face, trunk or limbs, unilateral de-pigmentation loss of spots, skin lesions occur, the development of dominance by nerve segment. However, patients are often clinically mild hypopigmentation emerging spots that come to treatment, early diagnosis and treatment by doctors. this time is often difficult to diagnose, with the exception of vitiligo hypopigmentation often spot early, but also can occur in many other skin diseases such performance, it requires careful differential diagnosis to rule out these diseases before making the diagnosis of vitiligo.
---- Even so there are some patients can not be confirmed , which requires further observation the disease progresses, lesions of the area if there hair follicles, hair, white pigment loss, vitiligo is more likely to suggest. In addition, if a child appears gray hair, hair, often prompt-based disease (except adult).
---- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, one of Professor Zhu Wenyuan propose a clinical diagnostic points:
---- �� acquired depigmentation occurred in spots or pigment faded spots. < br >---- �� circumscribed lesions and irregular.
---- �� edge of pigment skin lesions better.
---- �� lesions may be white or can be seen within the hair follicles around the mouth complex color phenomenon.
---- �� Wood lamp white porcelain was white.
---- if the above five in the establishment of three diagnosed with vitiligo can, if two are suspected as the establishment of Vitiligo, need further exclusion of other skin disease vitiligo. But the first of which is a necessary condition �� article.
13, how the course of vitiligo? the factors affecting the progression of the disease what?
---- the natural history of vitiligo is usually slow, carried out. shortest number of weeks duration, the longest up to several decades. This may be associated with treatment of the age. in the disease process may be due to exposure, trauma, severe acute illness or surgery the rapid spread of the stress state. individual cases, vitiligo rapid progress in a few days or weeks to form extensive bleaching, known as the outbreak of vitiligo. of the disease can be expanded integration of the original lesions, but also the emergence of new the skin lesions. Some data indicate that 70% of vitiligo patients with advanced disease is, that the majority of patients with active disease. On the other hand, the slow progress of vitiligo can be developed or intermittent, or constant long-term stability .
---- Many factors can influence the development of the disease and prognosis of vitiligo, there are �� without family history. vitiligo occurrence and genetic factors, the genetic relationship between melanocytes are more susceptible due to destruction of leaving the disease tend to develop. �� lesion type. early onset of segmental vitiligo, the condition is relatively stubborn, often within two years after onset, the rapid development in the affected area, then become stationary, white often remain unchanged for life. a few cases can be Still later came the development of the lesions. segmental vitiligo affected skin, usually along the nerve segment development, and therefore, more predictable trends in its development. rather than segmental vitiligo can affect any part of the body, there is no specific trends, so the bad prediction. the hands of patients as the primary site, easy to develop to the facial skin lesions; after the back, hand or foot as the primary site were, to other parts of the development of vitiligo is easy; the primary site for the face, upper or lower extremities are, the progress of vitiligo is not easy; ��, age, origin; ��, other factors. The disease usually developed rapidly in summer, and winter often slow down or stop the spread of development. In addition, emotional trauma, sun, cosmetics allergy, other disease and pregnancy of staff may make the disease increased.
14. vitiligo and other body related diseases
----( 1) Alopecia areata: alopecia areata vitiligo is not uncommon complicated. Some studies have shown that vitiligo can be associated with alopecia totalis or in the scalp or beard hair of alopecia areata occurring at a single, the accompanying rate of 16%, mainly seen in the progress and the Pan onset of vitiligo, vitiligo patients in the early years of the family who has more gray hair.
- --- (2) Psoriasis: psoriasis and vitiligo patients also occurred in the same clinical cases is not uncommon. concurrency and they are both autoimmune and genetic factors related to not unrelated.
---- (3) thyroid disease: information, vitiligo, thyroid disease, the incidence of 1.28% to 38%. For two concurrent mechanisms, most scholars believe that they share a common immunological basis of the genetic, can reinforce each other .
---- (4) Diabetes: The incidence of vitiligo, diabetes mellitus% ~ 7.1%, mainly insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and vitiligo patients, islet cell antibody positive rate is higher than the general population, associated with vitiligo patients with diabetes often have autoimmune disease susceptibility, or there is the phenomenon of familial aggregation of disease.
---- (5) Cancer: Malignant melanoma associated with vitiligo. In addition, concurrent squamous vitiligo cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and gastric cancer reported.
---- (6) Other: including Addison disease (Addison), pernicious anemia, bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma and sclerosis atrophy of lichen, etc..
15. vitiligo what harm the human body? the treatment of vitiligo to what end?
---- vitiligo patients generally will not cause any physical discomfort, but not life-threatening, it harm the human body is mainly mental, to patients can lead to serious psychological stress and social problems, thus reducing the quality of life of patients.
---- Therefore, clinicians, we must first achieve the treatment of vitiligo purpose is to make patients the disease has a more correct understanding.
---- Vitiligo is an easy to diagnose and difficult to treat skin diseases, its pathogenesis is unknown, so far, treatment is still difficult, the domestic outside of a therapy can not yet completely healed in all patients. physicians should recognize that patients with vitiligo do not have any impact on life, it will not infect others, to eliminate their fear of normal social activities, there is no need to look around for the so-called effect radical approach, but should be based on their specific circumstances, a medical practitioner to develop their own viable treatment options, and actively cooperate with the physician adherence to treatment.
---- of treatment of this disease is generally more long, from effect is slow, a course of at least 2-3 months, the general courses required to adhere to treatment 2m3, so the patient should be fully aware of the difficulty of treating this disease.
---- aim is to pigment loss back to normal , white is not obvious as possible.
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16. vitiligo, stability and progress of patients with lesions of
---- are under development or stability, can be divided into stable and progress of the period. in advanced, off to the normal skin pigmentation development, and may appear with the form of reaction, pressure, friction, trauma, secondary vitiligo can be formed. In stable spot to stop development, state clearly that ring the edge of pigmentation , duration of chronic persistent. the right to determine the stability of vitiligo and advanced, for the clinical treatment of great significance.
17. Children What are the characteristics of treatment of vitiligo?
---- the treatment of adults generally the same, its efficacy is better than the adults.
---- (a) of the children with vitiligo has the following characteristics:
---- 1, age of onset: the shortest in 3 days after birth, the average age of onset 4.6-4.8 years; 2, girls more common; 3 to segmental more common, localized second; 4, 11.2% had a family history of -17.32%; 5, the eyes easily affected; 6, the occurrence of halo nevus rate of 8.5%; 7 after trauma can lead to the same type reaction; 8, gastrointestinal disorders significantly.
---- (b) the special treatment of children with vitiligo
---- not the routine treatment of children used have:
---- 1, the system of oral corticosteroids, there will be system or local side effects; 2, the body light therapy is not appropriate for children under 12 years of age; local light therapy is not appropriate for children under 5 years of age; 3, transplant surgery, difficult for children with, should not be used.
---- can be used with:
---- 1, the effect of topical corticosteroids low; 2, immune enhancer; 3, trace elements; 4, oral Chinese medicine, the dose by half.
---- (c) is generally believed that the best treatment for child patients with vitiligo is a stable condition on time, which is the white area is no longer the situation continues to expand 3-6 months.
18. Some common clinical classification
---- Vitiligo Vitiligo generally unified into two types, II, II:
---- (1) II: �� unusual type. can be divided into limited, sporadic, pan-onset and limb off of 4. limitations are as single or clusters of white, sizes, restricted to a particular site; those for the scattered sporadic, multiple leukoplakia, usually symmetrical; pan-onset are more evolved from the sporadic, irregular white spots and more mutual integration into a large and involved more than 50% body surface area, sometimes only a small piece of residual islands of normal skin equipment; extremities of those white At the beginning of the body's extremities, such as face, hand, foot and other parts Zhi Zhi; �� section end type. white as a sheet or several along the broken section of a nerve to dominate the regional distribution of the skin, usually unilateral.
---- (2) Category II: 1. full of spots. white porcelain for pure white or white, there is no white pigment regeneration, vitiligo melanocytes disappear within the organization, on the negative reaction is not phenylalanine. 2. leukoplakia incomplete. leukoplakia bleaching is not complete, white pigment in the visible point.
---- (3) Phase II: 1. during the progress. leukoplakia increased gradually to the normal 2, the original spot. stable. spot to stop development, state clearly that white pigment to enhance the edge.
---- Four Mistakes treatment of vitiligo?
---- 1, becoming a sick, mistakenly believed earth, recipe, casually wiping medicine.
---- 2, quickly, demand will be misled into believing that Western steroid injection.
---- 3, skin grafting, a temporary solution, resulting in white spread.
---- 4, enhanced immunotherapy, the use of intramuscular injection of a number of immunostimulants such as: thymosin, transfer factor, these pins serve water only enhance the immune effect on vitiligo is not relevant, would not achieve therapeutic effect.
---- Expert Tip: The above symptoms refractory to this treatment are considered easy to relapse, the majority of patients to the adverse psychological pressure and severe economic burden on the patient missed the best timing of treatment.
---- white spot is not terrible, select the correct drug treatment to prevent recurrence is the key.
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---- These differences is Those factors determine it? Hospital ---- Vitiligo Vitiligo Vitiligo skin color under normal conditions is mainly determined by two factors:
----( 1) skin pigment contents:
---- 4 biological skin pigment melanin is brown, red, oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin blue and yellow carotene. carotene can not be synthesized by the body's own needs from the diet, said exogenous pigment, and the remaining 3 synthesized by the body itself, said endogenous pigment.
---- were from outside to inside the skin epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous fat layer). the 4 kinds of biological pigments in different parts of the skin, melanin distributed in the epidermal keratinocytes, the carotenoids found in the stratum corneum and the subcutaneous fat layer, hemoglobin is distributed in the dermis. (Figure 1-1)
- - of which melanin is the main determinant of skin color. melanocytes mainly depends on the amount of melanocyte tyrosinase activity in the strength, the stronger the activity of tyrosinase, the amount to the synthesis of melanin more.
----( 2) differences in skin anatomy:
---- mainly refers to the terms of the thickness of the skin. light in the scattering of the skin of varying thickness, the skin color change. skin blood vessels as the number, the amount of blood flow, and whether there telangiectasia also affect skin color.
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2. What is the formation of melanin and metabolism? It is what features?
---- the surface of the skin by the two types of cells. One is the keratinocytes and keratinocytes, in its evolution to the skin cells can generally be divided into four : basal layer, spinous cells layer, granular layer and stratum corneum (in the palm of your hand and paw, the stratum corneum and the granular layer there between the transparent layer); the other is the dendritic cell.
---- Black melanocytes is a dendritic cell. It embedded in the epidermal basal cells, with an average of every 10 cells in a basal melanocytes, it is a highly differentiated cell, the cytoplasm has a special organelles called melanosomes. melanocyte melanin is synthesized in the body.
---- melanin is a polymer of biological pigments. The formation process is as follows: in the melanocytes in vivo, the tyrosine enzyme in the tyrosine and the formation of dopa, dopa quinone dehydrogenase to form dopa, and re-arranged in 5,6 - quinone indole, aggregated melanosomes in vivo with the combination of the structural proteins that form the black melanin protein Su.
---- melanocytes to the epidermis layers of cells distribution is to determine the skin color of the main factors. melanocytes more undoubtedly to prevent ultraviolet damage to skin the main barrier. melanin can protect the important folic acid and similar material from the decomposition of light. In addition, melanin is a stable free radical, may participate in a number of redox reactions in the body.
3. The formation of melanin which factors affected?
--- - In the process of melanin formation plays a crucial role of tyrosinase, which is a copper-bearing aerobic activity, who can affect the activity of tyrosinase factors affect the formation of melanin. which is more clearly and important factors are the following:
---- (1) genetic factors: The most important factor.
---- (2) endocrine factors: multiple endocrine factors can affect the black pigment formation.
---- (3) Neural factors: nerve impulses on the formation of melanin also have some impact. Some animals (such as certain fish, frogs, lizards, etc.) has confirmed that rapid changes in skin color and nerve control of the.
---- (4) mercapto factors: thiol biochemical reactions in the melanogenesis is an inhibitor of.
---- (5) trace: trace element metabolism in the black enzyme plays a major role in promoting, in particular copper ions, the higher its content, the stronger the activity of tyrosinase, melanin synthesis of the more.
---- (6) amino acids and vitamins : Animal experiments show that tyrosine, tryptophan and lysine in the formation of melanin is required. pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, on the ammonia acid, also can participate in the formation of melanin. but note that vitamin C as a reducing agent, make color fades, and less.
---- (7) UV: Ultraviolet radiation in the glutathione content of the skin by reducing the activation of tyrosinase activity, and finally to black increase in prime form.
4. melanocyte skin barriers What?
---- black skin disease is the prime obstacle to melanocytes and melanin quantity and quality differences, or functional disorders skin diseases caused by.
---- (1) Class hyperpigmentation (dark spots of): is hyperpigmentation of the skin contains more melanin. black pigmentation in the skin, the skin layers due to the depth at different, it will cause visual differences, such as melasma.
---- (2) reduce pigment class (white of): The decrease of the skin pigment melanin contained less than the normal white or color color is light (white light). skin was completely white, who often lack the melanocytes, or melanin metabolic process of a part of the defect, so that the black pigment melanin formation ability of cells affected, mostly hereditary, diseases such as vitiligo and albinism.
---- Vitiligo and skin beauty is closely related to, will cause serious psychological burden of patients and great mental pressure, and even affect people's normal life, work and study.
5. What causes vitiligo?
---- 1, .2 genetic factors, immune factors .3 .4 neuropsychiatric factors, factors influencing the destruction of melanocytes .5 trace elements and their radical changes. < br >---- several aspects of the above scholars have put forward different theories, known as genetics, immune abnormalities theory, neurochemistry factor theory of self-destruction of the melanin theory, trace element and radical changes in doctrine and so on. but each a theory can not fully explain vitiligo, but not mutually exclusive, it could be a combination of many factors.
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6. vitiligo hereditary you?
--- - Many studies have noted a number of vitiligo have a family history and family aggregation, and gradually formed a genetics of vitiligo can be said of genetic factors on the incidence of vitiligo has a certain role.
7. How to treat vitiligo?
---- Vitiligo occurs in face and other exposed, the disease clearly marked, noticeable, especially in underdeveloped areas of science and culture often criticized by some people, and even discriminated against in society, coupled with the treatment of vitiligo difficult, if patients suffering from vitiligo will cause great mental pain, many patients with end sleepless nights, depression and even suicidal thoughts. The recovery of the disease is detrimental. In addition, vitiligo is a chronic disease, treatment must have patience, impatience should not have, in fact, most patients through the correct treatment of the disease can be controlled, and with varying degrees of efficacy, is still very large chance of cure.
8. Why to timely treatment of vitiligo?
---- Vitiligo course of varying lengths, often in the exposure, trauma, acute illness or surgery, the rapid spread under severe stress. Progress can be slow or intermittent development, but also long-term stability remain unchanged, although now off to see the individual pigment patch small spontaneous regression of the patients, but more is to see a white tend to expand, increase, develop into a pan-hair, so that vitiligo is a chronic nature disease and therefore requires the discovery of vitiligo patients with vitiligo after timely treatment for early control of the disease.
9. Why should adhere to the treatment of vitiligo?
---- number of vitiligo patients, especially those longer course, stable disease, skin lesions in patients with non-exposed parts of their spot in the winter since that will not stop the development of the treatment, in fact, this is their kind of illusion. in winter because of less exposure by the Yang Guan, normal skin color will fade , and the white of the color reduction, improved easily mistaken for white; to the spring and early summer, the sun strong, the chance of receiving more sunlight, and with normal skin color deepened, and the color white is also added big, hot days combined with a small dressing, easy to make clothes sheltered spot originally exposed, which in turn is easily mistaken for exacerbations. Therefore, winter casual interruption of treatment approach is not hate appropriate. not only delay the damage recovery of melanoma cells, but also may cause the spot into a full-type, so the more the more white, increasing the difficulty of treatment. the correct approach is to treat not subject to seasonal factors, both seasons are a result of the treatment, and because of the perseverance, not free to terminate treatment or to abandon the treatment.
10, what is vitiligo? how its incidence?
---- Vitiligo is a common multiple of the acquired pigmented skin, showed limited or generalized pigment loss. is generally believed that the disease was mainly due to the skin and hair follicles caused by melanin depigmentation.
---- but in recent years some studies have shown that vitiligo is not just skin depigmentation disease, other parts of the body such as eyes, ears pigment cells could change, combined with the existence of the disease changes in immunological abnormalities, indicating that vitiligo is a skin pigment-based violations, but also may invade the body pigment cells of other systemic diseases.
---- Vitiligo is a common disease. It's incidence rate in the world 0.5% m4%. in the pathogenesis of age, vitiligo can occur at any age, but for many young adults. 95% of patients recorded before the age of onset 40, age of onset account for about one 11m30 60% of the total number of patients.
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11, clinical symptoms vitiligo what?
---- Vitiligo is an acquired skin damage occurs, the typical damage is scattered, or the realm of clear white patches. leukoplakia can was gray, white or milky white porcelain, of various shapes can be round, fan-shaped, line-shaped or irregular shaped, jagged edges from mild to quite clear, from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter or even tens of centimeters, the surface generally smooth, without shrinking or scaling and other changes.
- - When the initial issuance of the white pigment faded mostly pale spots, one or a few pieces, pigment is not completely disappear, it is unclear demarcation with normal skin, and some when the disease began to decline as the point-like pigment spots.
---- expansion of the progressive development of skin lesions can be integrated with each other, stable spot to stop development, resulting in complete depigmentation of the white pigment spots, and its borders become more clear, and white pigmentation often better edge. leukoplakia of the number of variable. its distribution area vary in size or number can be a focal piece for the small area of skin lesions, but also extensive involvement of almost the whole body while the remaining part of the normal skin.
---- The disease of the skin in any part of the body happen, but vulnerable to sunlight occurs in the sun and other parts of the friction damage, especially facial (such as eyebrows, eyebrows inside of the cheek inside the bridge of the nose associated with the site, and the upper front of the ear, the forehead hairline and the vermilion border), neck, waist and abdomen (waist belt Department), President chest, sacral, forearm and hand back the other side of the stretch. torso perineum also involved. leukoplakia most symmetrical distribution. The disease usually no symptoms . depigmentation lesions of the limitations of spot, white, rounded, oval or irregular in shape, white spot at the hair can also be white, white hair is often refractory to extensive signs. some cases, when the onset of mixed with the proliferation of hair follicles of pigmented spots.
---- premature gray hair is considered a harbinger of occurrence of vitiligo.
12, how to diagnose vitiligo?
---- Vitiligo under typical The clinical manifestations generally can be diagnosed, patients often symmetrical limbs occurred, back and facial depigmentation. If the simultaneous observation of the lips, buccal mucosa, palms and soles, and scalp depigmentation spots will further support the diagnosis.
---- filtration ultraviolet examination (Wood lamp examination) can be used as auxiliary diagnostic methods. for unilateral asymmetry in the diagnosis of segmental vitiligo usually more easily, the patient usually presents the face, trunk or limbs, unilateral de-pigmentation loss of spots, skin lesions occur, the development of dominance by nerve segment. However, patients are often clinically mild hypopigmentation emerging spots that come to treatment, early diagnosis and treatment by doctors. this time is often difficult to diagnose, with the exception of vitiligo hypopigmentation often spot early, but also can occur in many other skin diseases such performance, it requires careful differential diagnosis to rule out these diseases before making the diagnosis of vitiligo.
---- Even so there are some patients can not be confirmed , which requires further observation the disease progresses, lesions of the area if there hair follicles, hair, white pigment loss, vitiligo is more likely to suggest. In addition, if a child appears gray hair, hair, often prompt-based disease (except adult).
---- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, one of Professor Zhu Wenyuan propose a clinical diagnostic points:
---- �� acquired depigmentation occurred in spots or pigment faded spots. < br >---- �� circumscribed lesions and irregular.
---- �� edge of pigment skin lesions better.
---- �� lesions may be white or can be seen within the hair follicles around the mouth complex color phenomenon.
---- �� Wood lamp white porcelain was white.
---- if the above five in the establishment of three diagnosed with vitiligo can, if two are suspected as the establishment of Vitiligo, need further exclusion of other skin disease vitiligo. But the first of which is a necessary condition �� article.
13, how the course of vitiligo? the factors affecting the progression of the disease what?
---- the natural history of vitiligo is usually slow, carried out. shortest number of weeks duration, the longest up to several decades. This may be associated with treatment of the age. in the disease process may be due to exposure, trauma, severe acute illness or surgery the rapid spread of the stress state. individual cases, vitiligo rapid progress in a few days or weeks to form extensive bleaching, known as the outbreak of vitiligo. of the disease can be expanded integration of the original lesions, but also the emergence of new the skin lesions. Some data indicate that 70% of vitiligo patients with advanced disease is, that the majority of patients with active disease. On the other hand, the slow progress of vitiligo can be developed or intermittent, or constant long-term stability .
---- Many factors can influence the development of the disease and prognosis of vitiligo, there are �� without family history. vitiligo occurrence and genetic factors, the genetic relationship between melanocytes are more susceptible due to destruction of leaving the disease tend to develop. �� lesion type. early onset of segmental vitiligo, the condition is relatively stubborn, often within two years after onset, the rapid development in the affected area, then become stationary, white often remain unchanged for life. a few cases can be Still later came the development of the lesions. segmental vitiligo affected skin, usually along the nerve segment development, and therefore, more predictable trends in its development. rather than segmental vitiligo can affect any part of the body, there is no specific trends, so the bad prediction. the hands of patients as the primary site, easy to develop to the facial skin lesions; after the back, hand or foot as the primary site were, to other parts of the development of vitiligo is easy; the primary site for the face, upper or lower extremities are, the progress of vitiligo is not easy; ��, age, origin; ��, other factors. The disease usually developed rapidly in summer, and winter often slow down or stop the spread of development. In addition, emotional trauma, sun, cosmetics allergy, other disease and pregnancy of staff may make the disease increased.
14. vitiligo and other body related diseases
----( 1) Alopecia areata: alopecia areata vitiligo is not uncommon complicated. Some studies have shown that vitiligo can be associated with alopecia totalis or in the scalp or beard hair of alopecia areata occurring at a single, the accompanying rate of 16%, mainly seen in the progress and the Pan onset of vitiligo, vitiligo patients in the early years of the family who has more gray hair.
- --- (2) Psoriasis: psoriasis and vitiligo patients also occurred in the same clinical cases is not uncommon. concurrency and they are both autoimmune and genetic factors related to not unrelated.
---- (3) thyroid disease: information, vitiligo, thyroid disease, the incidence of 1.28% to 38%. For two concurrent mechanisms, most scholars believe that they share a common immunological basis of the genetic, can reinforce each other .
---- (4) Diabetes: The incidence of vitiligo, diabetes mellitus% ~ 7.1%, mainly insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and vitiligo patients, islet cell antibody positive rate is higher than the general population, associated with vitiligo patients with diabetes often have autoimmune disease susceptibility, or there is the phenomenon of familial aggregation of disease.
---- (5) Cancer: Malignant melanoma associated with vitiligo. In addition, concurrent squamous vitiligo cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and gastric cancer reported.
---- (6) Other: including Addison disease (Addison), pernicious anemia, bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma and sclerosis atrophy of lichen, etc..
15. vitiligo what harm the human body? the treatment of vitiligo to what end?
---- vitiligo patients generally will not cause any physical discomfort, but not life-threatening, it harm the human body is mainly mental, to patients can lead to serious psychological stress and social problems, thus reducing the quality of life of patients.
---- Therefore, clinicians, we must first achieve the treatment of vitiligo purpose is to make patients the disease has a more correct understanding.
---- Vitiligo is an easy to diagnose and difficult to treat skin diseases, its pathogenesis is unknown, so far, treatment is still difficult, the domestic outside of a therapy can not yet completely healed in all patients. physicians should recognize that patients with vitiligo do not have any impact on life, it will not infect others, to eliminate their fear of normal social activities, there is no need to look around for the so-called effect radical approach, but should be based on their specific circumstances, a medical practitioner to develop their own viable treatment options, and actively cooperate with the physician adherence to treatment.
---- of treatment of this disease is generally more long, from effect is slow, a course of at least 2-3 months, the general courses required to adhere to treatment 2m3, so the patient should be fully aware of the difficulty of treating this disease.
---- aim is to pigment loss back to normal , white is not obvious as possible.
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16. vitiligo, stability and progress of patients with lesions of
---- are under development or stability, can be divided into stable and progress of the period. in advanced, off to the normal skin pigmentation development, and may appear with the form of reaction, pressure, friction, trauma, secondary vitiligo can be formed. In stable spot to stop development, state clearly that ring the edge of pigmentation , duration of chronic persistent. the right to determine the stability of vitiligo and advanced, for the clinical treatment of great significance.
17. Children What are the characteristics of treatment of vitiligo?
---- the treatment of adults generally the same, its efficacy is better than the adults.
---- (a) of the children with vitiligo has the following characteristics:
---- 1, age of onset: the shortest in 3 days after birth, the average age of onset 4.6-4.8 years; 2, girls more common; 3 to segmental more common, localized second; 4, 11.2% had a family history of -17.32%; 5, the eyes easily affected; 6, the occurrence of halo nevus rate of 8.5%; 7 after trauma can lead to the same type reaction; 8, gastrointestinal disorders significantly.
---- (b) the special treatment of children with vitiligo
---- not the routine treatment of children used have:
---- 1, the system of oral corticosteroids, there will be system or local side effects; 2, the body light therapy is not appropriate for children under 12 years of age; local light therapy is not appropriate for children under 5 years of age; 3, transplant surgery, difficult for children with, should not be used.
---- can be used with:
---- 1, the effect of topical corticosteroids low; 2, immune enhancer; 3, trace elements; 4, oral Chinese medicine, the dose by half.
---- (c) is generally believed that the best treatment for child patients with vitiligo is a stable condition on time, which is the white area is no longer the situation continues to expand 3-6 months.
18. Some common clinical classification
---- Vitiligo Vitiligo generally unified into two types, II, II:
---- (1) II: �� unusual type. can be divided into limited, sporadic, pan-onset and limb off of 4. limitations are as single or clusters of white, sizes, restricted to a particular site; those for the scattered sporadic, multiple leukoplakia, usually symmetrical; pan-onset are more evolved from the sporadic, irregular white spots and more mutual integration into a large and involved more than 50% body surface area, sometimes only a small piece of residual islands of normal skin equipment; extremities of those white At the beginning of the body's extremities, such as face, hand, foot and other parts Zhi Zhi; �� section end type. white as a sheet or several along the broken section of a nerve to dominate the regional distribution of the skin, usually unilateral.
---- (2) Category II: 1. full of spots. white porcelain for pure white or white, there is no white pigment regeneration, vitiligo melanocytes disappear within the organization, on the negative reaction is not phenylalanine. 2. leukoplakia incomplete. leukoplakia bleaching is not complete, white pigment in the visible point.
---- (3) Phase II: 1. during the progress. leukoplakia increased gradually to the normal 2, the original spot. stable. spot to stop development, state clearly that white pigment to enhance the edge.
---- Four Mistakes treatment of vitiligo?
---- 1, becoming a sick, mistakenly believed earth, recipe, casually wiping medicine.
---- 2, quickly, demand will be misled into believing that Western steroid injection.
---- 3, skin grafting, a temporary solution, resulting in white spread.
---- 4, enhanced immunotherapy, the use of intramuscular injection of a number of immunostimulants such as: thymosin, transfer factor, these pins serve water only enhance the immune effect on vitiligo is not relevant, would not achieve therapeutic effect.
---- Expert Tip: The above symptoms refractory to this treatment are considered easy to relapse, the majority of patients to the adverse psychological pressure and severe economic burden on the patient missed the best timing of treatment.
---- white spot is not terrible, select the correct drug treatment to prevent recurrence is the key.
Vitiligo Vitiligo Vitiligo Hospital
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